Multilevel societies (MLS) are a complex form of group organization found in mammals, yet the origin of MLS is poorly understood. Here the authors show that MLS of the golden snub-nosed monkey evolved from the aggregation of independent one-male, multifemale units found in ancestral Asian colobines.
- Xiao-Guang Qi
- Paul A. Garber
- Bao-Guo Li