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The authors show that plasma AT(N) biomarkers can distinguish Alzheimer’s disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration in diverse Latin American populations. Using machine learning and integrating neuroimaging, significant diagnostic accuracy was achieved, enhancing clinical assessments of these conditions in Latin America.

The mechanisms governing energy transport and dissipation in turbulent flows have remained only partially understood. Here, the authors introduce a data-driven framework based on explainable deep learning to assess the relative importance of different flow regions.

Understanding the role of coherent structures in the dynamics of turbulent flows is of high relevance for fluid dynamics, climate systems, and aerodynamics. The authors propose a deep learning approach to evaluate the importance of various types of coherent structure in the flow, to uncover main mechanisms of wall-bounded turbulence and develop techniques for its control.

Identifying jets originating from heavy quarks plays a fundamental role in hadronic collider experiments. In this work, the ATLAS Collaboration describes and tests a transformer-based neural network architecture for jet flavour tagging based on low-level input and physics-inspired constraints.

Here, the authors perform metagenomic analysis of Ecuadorian mothers and children showing that improved WASH and reduced animal exposure can lower antimicrobial resistance in the gut but may reduce gut microbial diversity, with the strongest effects observed in mothers.

The catalytic conversion of polyolefins into gasoline-range alkanes requires a comprehensive understanding of the catalytically active species and their corresponding performance. Here the authors tackle this need by examining the nuclearity of the chloroaluminate ions and their interactions with reaction intermediates.

Increased crop diversity in rotations reduces nitrogen losses relative to crop yield, making it an effective practice for sustainable farming, based on an analysis of 106 cereal fields across Europe and 56 climatic, soil, microbial, and management variables.

In this study, the authors describe SANA, a nitroalkene derivative of salicylate, as a potential activator of creatine-dependent energy expenditure and thermogenesis in adipose tissue. Preclinical and clinical data from this paper also suggest that SANA improves glucose homeostasis and promotes weight loss in mice and humans.

The social exposome—lifelong social and economic adversity—can shape brain health and dementia risk. Here, the authors show that an adverse social exposome is linked to poorer clinical, cognitive, and brain changes in Latin American older adults.

The role of mosquito saliva proteins in viral infection remains incompletely understood. Here, the authors show that sialokinin facilitates viral dissemination while suppressing immune response and inflammation in chikungunya virus-infected mice.

It is challenging to treat emerging organic contaminants such as pharmaceutical compounds. Using the proposed plant-based zirconium–ellagate framework, this study demonstrates high removal efficiencies of emerging organic contaminants from real untampered municipal wastewater treatment plant effluent.

The variability in clinical outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection is partly due to deficiencies in production or response to type I interferons (IFN). Here, the authors describe a FIP200-dependent lysosomal degradation pathway, independent of canonical autophagy and type I IFN, that restricts SARS-CoV-2 replication, offering insights into critical COVID-19 pneumonia mechanisms.

Horses have lived in Iberia since the Ice Age. Using ancient genomes to study their history, Lira Garrido et al. reveal a local wild lineage lasting until Late Iron Age, and highlight the far-reaching influence of Iberian bloodlines across Europe and north Africa during the Iron Age and beyond.

Analyses of the exposomes of populations across 40 countries found global disparities in healthy aging attributed to diverse biological, socioeconomic and political factors, with accelerated aging seen in populations from Egypt, South Africa, and Latin American and Caribbean regions.

Infection or chronic inflammation is a risk factor for childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Here, the authors show that the DNA editing enzyme AID is expressed in infected B cells but using genetic mouse models show that it does not contribute to leukemia pathogenesis.

Estimates from the Global Dietary Database indicated that 2.2 million new type 2 diabetes and 1.2 million new cardiovascular disease cases were attributable to sugar-sweetened beverages worldwide in 2020, with the highest burdens in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean.

Mosses support carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling, organic matter decomposition and plant pathogen control in soils across the globe, according to a global survey of soil attributes in ecosystems with and without mosses.

The sensitivity of mussel larvae to ocean acidification, particularly during the time of shell formation, remains uncertain. Here, the authors show that larvae can elevate calcium carbonate saturation state beneath their shell to enhance calcification, but this ability is compromised by ocean acidification.

Analyses of neuroimaging datasets from 5,306 participants across 15 countries found generally larger brain-age gaps in Latin American compared with non-Latin American populations, which were influenced by disparities in socioeconomic and health-related factors.

Managing power exhaust in fusion reactors is a key challenge, especially in compact designs for cost-effective commercial energy. This study shows how alternative divertor configurations improve exhaust control, enhance stability, absorb transients and enable independent plasma regulation.

Modeling analysis from the Global Dietary Database estimated that 70% of new global cases of type 2 diabetes are attributable to suboptimal intake of 11 dietary factors, with substantial differences in dietary risks across world regions and nations.

In cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of 86,149 participants across 27 European countries, Amoruso, Hernandez and colleagues identify multilingualism as a protective factor against accelerated aging, using biobehavioral age gaps.

A genome-wide study by the Long COVID Host Genetics Initiative identifies an association between the FOXP4 locus and long COVID, implicating altered lung function in its pathophysiology.

Einav and colleagues characterize peripheral immune blood cells from pediatric patients with severe natural dengue infections. Their findings suggest that disease progression is associated with an inflammatory phenotype accompanied by impaired interferon response, defective antigen presentation and regulation of effector lymphocyte responses.

Protection afforded by inorganic minerals is assumed to make mineral-associated organic carbon less susceptible to loss under climate change than particulate organic carbon. However, a global study of soil organic carbon from drylands suggests that this is not the case.

Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in ageing. Here the authors report that across tissues and species, somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in single cells (termed cryptic mutations) accumulate with age in post-mitotic cells, reaching high levels coinciding with both late life and ageing-linked gene-expression changes.

Analysis of 20 chemical and morphological plant traits at diverse sites across 6 continents shows that the transition from semi-arid to arid zones is associated with an unexpected 88% increase in trait diversity.

Marine plants reproduce by hydrophilly, that is, the movement of pollen by water. Here, the authors show that invertebrates can also carry pollen from male to female Thalassia testudinum plants.

A genomic, transcriptomic and epigenomic analysis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia identifies genetic drivers and molecular subtypes associated with clinical outcomes.

Entanglement was observed in top–antitop quark events by the ATLAS experiment produced at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN using a proton–proton collision dataset with a centre-of-mass energy of √s  = 13 TeV and an integrated luminosity of 140 fb⁻¹.

The bacterium Helicobacter pylori, often found in the human stomach, can be classified into distinct subpopulations associated with the geographic origin of the host. Here, the authors provide insights into H. pylori population structure by collecting over 1,000 clinical strains from 50 countries and generating and analyzing high-quality bacterial genome sequences.

A global network of researchers was formed to investigate the role of human genetics in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity; this paper reports 13 genome-wide significant loci and potentially actionable mechanisms in response to infection.

An analysis based on data from the Global Dietary Database shows mean animal-sourced food intakes among children and adolescents increased modestly from 1990 to two portions per day in 2018, but remain low in sub-Saharan Africa, India and Bangladesh.

Ibanez et al. introduce multimodal diversity, a synergistic framework integrating multimodal brain metrics, whole-body health, and exposomic data through neurosyndemic computational modeling to advance context-sensitive precision brain health across global settings.

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) regulates the extracellular composition of the central nervous system (CNS), but it is not known whether its properties differ across CNS regions. Here, the authors show in mice that the BBB exhibits regional specializations, and that such specializations can be important for the function of specific neural circuits.

Collective behavior of nonlinear soft valves forming fluid flow networks is not well understood. The authors reveal the mechanisms underlying the collective behavior of soft flow networks with negative differential resistance elements.

The second Global Amphibian Assessment finds that the status of amphibians is continuing to deteriorate globally, driven predominantly by climate change, disease and habitat loss.

Wood density is a key control on tree biomass, and understanding its spatial variation improves estimates of forest carbon stock. Sullivan et al. measure >900 forest plots to quantify wood density and produce high resolution maps of its variation across South American tropical forests.

Liu et al. demonstrate that human-driven soil contamination in natural areas mirrors that in nearby urban greenspaces globally, and highlight the potential influence that soil contaminants have on ecosystem functions.

The development of a photocage-nanobody based technology enabled in-depth analysis of live cells from tissues while retaining their spatial information.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable blood malignancy. Here, the authors report 35 MM risk loci and two causal mechanisms for genetic MM risk: longer telomeres and elevated plasma B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) and interleukin−5 receptor alpha (IL5RA) levels.

The liver is a key metabolic organ that influences metabolic homeostasis by communicating with the central nervous system. This Review discusses the role of gut–liver–brain communication in chronic liver disease, highlighting underlying mechanisms and signalling pathways.

Fine-mapping of causal variants and integration of epigenetic and chromatin conformation data identify likely target genes for 150 breast cancer risk regions.

The ATLAS Collaboration reports the observation of the electroweak production of two jets and a Z-boson pair. This process is related to vector-boson scattering and allows the nature of electroweak symmetry breaking to be probed.