Log in or create a free account to read this content
Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com
or
References
Battaglia G, Yeh SY, De Souza EB . (1988): MDMA-induced neurotoxicity: parameters of degeneration and recovery of brain serotonin neurons. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 29: 269–274
Colado MI, Williams JL, Green AR . (1995): The hyperthermic and neurotoxic effects of “Ecstasy” and 3,4,methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA) in the Dark Agouti (DA) rat,a model of the CYP2D6 poor metabolizer phenotype. Br J Pharmacology 115, 1281–1289
Gouzoulis E, Steiger A, Ensslin M, Kovar A, Hermle L . (1992): Sleep EEG effects of 3,4-methylenedioxyethamphetamine (MDE; “eve”) in healthy volunteers. Biol Psychiatry 32: 1108–1117
Gouzoulis E, von Bardeleben U, Rupp A, Kovar KA, Gouzoulis E . (1993): Neuroendocrine and cardiovascular effects of MDE in healthy volunteers. Neuropsychopharmacology 8: 187–193
Hermle L, Spizer M, Borchardt D, Kovar KA, Gouzoulis E . (1993): Psychological effects of MDE in normal subjects.Are entactogens a new class of psychoactive agents?. Neuropsychopharmacology 8: 171–176
Insel TR, Battaglia G, Johannesen JN, Marra S, De Souza EB . (1989): 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”)selectively destroys brain serotonin terminals in rhesus monkeys. J Pharmacol Exper Therap 249: 713–720
Kapur S, Meyer J, Wilson AA, Houle S, Brown GM . (1994): Modulation of cortical neuronal activity by a serotonergic agent: A PET study in humans. Brain Res 646: 292–294
Lesch PK, Aulakh CS, Wolozin BL, Tolliver TL, Hill GL, andMurphy DL . (1993) Regional brain expression of serotonin transporter mRNA and its regulation by reuptake inhibiting antidepressants. Mol Brain Res 1: 31–35
Mann JJ, Malone KM, Diehl DJ, Perel J, Nichols ThE, Mintun MA . (1996): Positron emission tomographic imaging of serotonin activation effects on prefrontal cortex in ealthy volunteers. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 16: 418–426
McCann UD, Szabo K, Scheffel U, Dannals RF, andRicaurte GA . (1998): Positron emission tomographic evidence of toxic effects of MDMA (“Ecstasy”) on brain serotonin neurons in human beings. Lancent 352: 1433–1437
Meyer JH, Kennedy S and Brown GM . (1998): No effect of depression on [150]H2O PET response to intravenous d-fenfluramine. Am J Psychiatry 155: 1241–1246
Oshea E, Granados R, Esteban B, Colado MI and Green AR . (1998): The relationship between the degree of neurodegeneration of rat brain 5-HT nerve terminals and the dose and frequency of administration of MDMA (Ecstasy). Neuropharmacology 37: 919–926
Ricaurte GA, DeLanney LE, Irwin I, Langston JW . (1998): Toxic effects of MDMA on central serotonergic neurons in the primate: Importance of route and frequency of drug administration. Brain Res 446: 165–168
Schmidt CJ, Wu L and Lovenberg W . (1998): Methylenedioxymethamphetamine:A potentially neurotoxic amphetamine analogue. Eur J Pharmacol 124: 175–178
Smith GS, Dewey SL, Brodie JD, Logan J, Vitkun SA, Simkowitz P, Schioesser R, Alexoff DA, Hurley A, Coo-per T, Volkow ND . (1997): Serotonergic modulation of dopamine measured with [11C] raclopride and PET in normal human subjects. Am J Psychiatry 154: 490–496
Steele TD, McCann UD, Ricaurtre GA . (1994): 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “Ecstasy”): Pharmacology and toxicology in animals and humans. Addiction 89: 539–551
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Vollenweider, F., Gamma, A., Liechti, M. et al. Is A Single Dose of MDMA Harmless. Neuropsychopharmacol 21, 598–600 (1999). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00032-9
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(99)00032-9
This article is cited by
-
A Prospective Cohort Study on Sustained Effects of Low-Dose Ecstasy Use on the Brain in New Ecstasy Users
Neuropsychopharmacology (2007)
-
Relevance of rodent models of intravenous MDMA self-administration to human MDMA consumption patterns
Psychopharmacology (2007)