Abstract
Hey and Waters1 have given a valuable review of some organic reactions involving the formation of free radicals in solution. From this and from later work two properties stand out among others as being characteristic of free aryl radicals in solution. One of these is the persistence with which such radicals remove hydrogen from all solvents containing non-aromatic hydrogen, and so become converted to the corresponding aryl hydrogen compounds; and the other is the displacement by them of hydrogen from aromatic liquids to yield biaryls, the substitution occurring invariably ortho and para to substituents in the benzene ring, irrespective of their nature.
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References
Hey and Waters, Chem. Rev., 21, 169 (1937).
Cf. Hammett, ‘Physical Organic Chemistry”, McGraw-Hill (1940), p. 144.
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RAPSON, W., SHUTTLEWORTH, R. Free Aryl Radicals in the Fittig and Ullmann Reactions. Nature 147, 675 (1941). https://doi.org/10.1038/147675a0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/147675a0
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