Table 1 Comparison of cases and controls for demographic and other risk factors for prostate cancer
From: Diabetes mellitus and prostate cancer risk among older men: population-based case–control study
Cases (n=407) | Controls (n=393) | |
|---|---|---|
Risk factor | N (%) | N (%) |
Age (years) a | ||
65–69 | 192 (46.2%) | 186 (43.4%) |
70–74 | 134 (32.2%) | 125 (29.1%) |
75–79 | 90 (21.6%) | 118 (27.5%) |
Race a | ||
African-American | 171 (41.1%) | 171 (39.9%) |
Caucasian | 245 (58.9%) | 258 (60.1%) |
Education a | ||
Less than 8th grade | 106 (25.7%) | 89 (20.8%) |
<High school graduate | 55 (13.4%) | 69 (16.1%) |
High school graduate | 101 (24.5%) | 102 (23.8%) |
Some college or technical school | 54 (13.1%) | 77 (18.0%) |
College graduate | 96 (23.3%) | 92 (21.5%) |
Missing | 4 | 0 |
P-value for trend | 0.41 | |
Annual income | ||
<$20 000 | 122 (34.4%) | 106 (32.0%) |
$20 000–$29 999 | 72 (20.3%) | 58 (17.5%) |
$30 000–$39 999 | 42 (11.8%) | 54 (16.3%) |
$40 000–$49 999 | 25 (7.0%) | 36 (10.9%) |
$50 000 or more | 94 (26.5%) | 77 (23.3%) |
Missing | 52 | 62 |
P-value for trend | 0.69 | |
Marital status | ||
Single/separated/divorced/widowed | 73 (18.2%) | 80 (20.6%) |
Married/living as married | 328 (81.8%) | 308 (79.4%) |
Missing | 6 | 5 |
BMI (kg m−2) | ||
Normal weight (⩽24.9 BMI) | 105 (26.5%) | 113 (29.5%) |
Overweight (25.0–29.9 BMI) | 198 (50.0%) | 175 (45.7%) |
Obese (⩾30.0 BMI) | 93 (23.5%) | 95 (24.8%) |
Missing | 11 | 10 |
P-value for trend | 0.75 | |
Family history of prostate cancer | ||
Yes | 120 (30.2%)* | 60 (15.4%) |
No | 278 (69.8%) | 329 (85.6%) |
Missing | 9 | 4 |
History of benign prostatic hyperplasia | ||
Yes | 159 (39.7%)* | 102 (26.2%) |
No | 242 (60.3%) | 288 (73.8%) |
Missing | 6 | 3 |
History of high cholesterol | ||
Yes | 122 (30.6%)** | 147 (38.2%) |
No | 277 (69.4%) | 238 (61.8%) |
Missing | 8 | 8 |
History of hypertension | ||
Yes | 210 (52.2%) | 206 (53.4%) |
No | 192 (47.8%) | 180 (46.6%) |
Missing | 5 | 4 |
Prostate cancer screening (#of PSAs or DREs in the past 5 years) a | ||
0 | 30 (7.4%) | 57 (13.7%) |
1–2 | 44 (10.9%) | 57 (13.7%) |
3–4 | 52 (12.9%) | 66 (15.9%) |
5–6 | 73 (18.1%) | 83 (20.0%) |
7–8 | 52 (12.9%) | 49 (11.8%) |
9–10 | 152 (37.7%) | 104 (25.0%) |
Missing | 13 | 13 |
P-value for trend | <0.0001 | |
Drinking duration (years) | ||
0 | 130 (33.7%) | 110 (30.2%) |
<25 | 75 (19.4%) | 74 (20.3%) |
25–45 | 94 (24.4%) | 87 (23.9%) |
>45 | 87 (22.5%) | 93 (25.6%) |
Missing | 21 | 29 |
P-value or trend | 0.29 | |
Smoking duration (years) | ||
0 | 106 (26.5%) | 116 (30.1%) |
<25 | 116 (29.0%) | 109 (28.3%) |
25–45 | 103 (25.8%) | 93 (24.2%) |
>45 | 75 (18.8%) | 67 (17.4%) |
Missing | 7 | 8 |
P-value or trend | 0.30 | |
Consumption of animal fat (quartiles) | ||
⩽12.7 | 102 (28.3%) | 85 (25.0%) |
12.8–18.95 | 82 (22.7%) | 85 (25.0%) |
18.96–26.7 | 92 (25.8%) | 83 (24.4%) |
⩾26.8 | 85 (23.6%) | 87 (25.0%) |
Missing | 46 | 53 |
P-value or trend | 0.46 | |
Consumption of lycopene (quartiles) | ||
⩽2.6 | 98 (26.7%) | 86 (24.6%) |
2.7–4.5 | 97 (26.4%) | 85 (24.4%) |
4.6–8.0 | 96 (26.2%) | 80 (22.9%) |
⩾8.1 | 76 (20.7%) | 98 (28.1%) |
Missing | 40 | 44 |
P-value for trend | 0.11 | |
Strenuous or moderate physical activity (tertiles among active) | ||
None | 67 (17.9%) | 69 (19.6%) |
<4.0 | 53 (14.2%) | 52 (14.8%) |
4.0–12 | 109 (29.1%) | 109 (31.0%) |
>12 | 145 (38.8%) | 122 (34.7%) |
Missing | 33 | 41 |
P-value for trend | 0.33 | |
