Table 1 Direct approaches for controlled release of GFs on various substrates for biomedical applications
From: Novel biomaterial strategies for controlled growth factor delivery for biomedical applications
Substrates | GFs | Immobilization approaches | Biological effect | Biomedical applications | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PLGA scaffolds | VEGF | Physical encapsulation | The VEGF released from the polymer scaffolds was over 70% active up to 12 days | Bone regeneration | |
Alginate- sulfate/ alginate scaffolds | VEGF, PDGF, TGF-β1 | Physical encapsulation | The triple factor-bound alginate-based porous scaffolds promoted vascularization in vivo | Vascularization | |
Gelatin hydrogel | bFGF | Physical encapsulation | The bFGF loaded hydrogel has stronger regenerative effects on acute vocal fold scarring than that of direct injection of bFGF | Vocal fold regeneration | |
Diblock copolymer matrix | Hepatocy-te growth factor (HGF) | Physical adsorption | The controlled HGF release promoted ECM synthesis and vocal fold regeneration | Vocal fold regeneration | |
PLA porous films | NGF | Encapsulation | This novel strategy significant promoted guided neurite extension from PC12 cells | Peripheral nerve regeneration | |
HA, TCP and neutralized glass ceramic | BMP-2, bFGF | Physical immobilization | Both GFs lose their biological activity after their initial burst on the surfaces of these inorganic carriers in vitro | Bone regeneration | |
Polydioxanone fiber | VEGF | Physical immobilization | VEGF treatment promoted new blood vessels and connective tissue formation | Pulp regeneration | |
Glass slides | BMP-2 | LbL self-assembly | The BMP-2 being trapped in the LbL films and remaining their bioactive for more than 10 days | Bone regeneration | |
TCP/HAP granules | BMP-2 | LbL self-assembly | LbL films-coated organic granules sequestered significant amounts of BMP-2, and enhanced the osteoinductivity of scaffolds | Bone regenration | |
Anodized titanium | BMP-2, bFGF | LbL self-assembly | LbL films were capable of sustained release of both GFs over 25 days, and increased bone growth | Bone regeneration | |
Polycaprolactone/β-TCP scaffolds | BMP-2, VEGF | LbL self-assembly | LbL films that sequester of BMP-2 VEGF in different ratios in degradable films | Bone regeneration | |
Gelatin based coatings | Nerve growth factor (NGF) | LbL self-assembly | The coatings can be applied to neural electrodes for sustained delivery of NGF to increase neuron density | Alzheimer’s disease treatment | |
PLGA scaffolds | VEGF | Carbodiimide crosslinking | Immobilized VEGF enhanced endothelial cell proliferation | Angiogenesis | |
Fibrin microthreads | HGF | Carbodiimide crosslinking | Myoblast proliferation increased significantly on stiffer, crosslinked, matrix, regardless of the amount of HGF | Skeletal muscle regeneration | |
Polyethylene terephthatalate (PET) surfaces | BMP-2 | Carbodiimide crosslinking | BMPs grafted to PET surface promoted osteogenic differentiation of pre-osteoblastic cells | Bone regeneration | |
3D printed polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds | BMP-2 | Mussel-inspired chemistry | This grafting realized sustained release of BMP-2 and enhanced cell proliferation and osteoconductivity of the scaffolds | Bone regeneration | |
Titanium surfaces | BMP-2 | Mussel-inspired chemistry | The immobilization of BMP-2 induced stem cell to osteoblast and mineralization on titanium surfaces | Bone regenrationi | |
Collagen- GAG (CG) matrix | BMP-2, PDGF | Benzophenone (BP) photolitho- Graphy | Both factors could be covalently grafted to the CG matrix in defined patterns | Regenerative medicine application | |
Gelatin-based hydrogel | VEGF | Covalent immobilization | The gelatin-based drug-releasing hydrogel can induce capillary-like tube formation and axonal | Peripheral nerve regeneration | |
Chitosan collagen hydrogels | TGF-β | Covalent conjunction | The biofunctional hydrogel with controlled release of GF promoted chondrogenesis. | Cartilage regeneration | |
Fibrin matrices | PDGF | Covalent immobilization | PDGF conjugated fibrin matrix effectively increased tissue perfusion and induced the growth of a mature neovasculature | Ischemic tissue regeneration | |
Titanium surfaces | BMP-2 | Reductive amination reaction | Immobilized BMP-2 at a surface density (>50 ng/cm2) significantly promoted the osteoblast functions | Bone regeneration | |
PLGA microspheres | BMP-2 | Bioaffinity tethering | BMP-2-immobilized PLGA microspheres significantly enhanced ALP activity, calcium deposition of MG63 cells | Bone regeneration | |
Synthetic polymer matrix | FGF | Bioaffinity interaction | The EGF release promoted epithelization, collagen deposition, and granulation tissue formation. | Dermal regeneration | |
Thermoresposi-ve surfaces | Epidermal growth factor (EGF) | Affinity interaction | Heparin-decorated thermoresponsive surfaces facilitated the effective binding of EGF, which enhanced the functions of cultured hepatocytes | Liver disease treatments | |
ECM proteins | VEGF, PDGF TGF-β, FGF | Bioaffinity interaction | ECM would significantly enhance GF capacity to induce wound healing and bone repair | Wound healing舲 and bone regeneration | |
Hyaluronic acid hydrogel | BMP-2 | Affinity interaction | BMP-2 immobilized hydrogel promoted formation of ectopic bone with better production of collagen fibers compared to delivering the BMP-2 in non-functionalized hydrogel | Bone regeneration | |
Titanium surfaces | BMP-2 | ECM-inspired approach | The ECM-inspired microarchitecture and its immobilized BMP-2 with both cell affinitive and high GF loading capacity synergistically enhance the activity and osteogenetic differentiation of stem cells | Bone regeneration |
