Table 1 Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for biliary tract cancer and biliary stones in relation to metabolic syndrome and its individual components

From: Metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance in relation to biliary tract cancer and stone risks: a population-based study in Shanghai, China

 

Biliary tract cancers

   
 

Gallbladder a

Extrahepatic bile duct b

Biliary stones c

 

Controls N

Cases N

OR (95% CI) d

Controls N

Cases N

OR (95% CI) d

Controls N

Cases N

OR (95% CI) d

Metabolic syndrome

Individual components

 Triglycerides (mmol l−1)

         

<1.7

597

150

Ref

635

52

Ref

502

637

Ref

⩾1.7

206

114

2.00 (1.48–2.70)

223

89

5.28 (3.56–7.82)

151

344

1.56 (1.24–1.98)

 HDL (mmol l−1)

         

⩾1.04

531

58

Ref

566

26

Ref

439

378

Ref

<1.04

272

206

7.53 (5.36–15.59)

292

114

8.17 (5.17–12.92)

214

603

3.12 (2.50–3.89)

 Hypertensione

         

No

526

230

Ref

553

130

Ref

441

695

Ref

Yes

376

138

0.69 (0.53–0.90)

406

61

0.61 (0.43–0.86)

294

342

0.69 (0.56–0.86)

 Diabetesf

         

No

834

316

Ref

881

171

Ref

688

925

Ref

Yes

68

51

1.75 (1.18–2.60)

78

20

1.37 (0.81–2.33)

47

111

1.69 (1.17–2.44)

 Waist circumferenceg,h

         

Low

462

83

Ref

480

61

Ref

400

447

Ref

High

386

111

0.98 (0.65–1.47)

422

31

0.64 (0.37–1.13)

297

402

0.89 (0.69–1.16)

Metabolic syndrome h, i

 No

604

80

Ref

635

50

Ref

508

570

Ref

 Yes

157

63

2.75 (1.82–4.15)

178

22

1.92 (1.07–3.42)

117

231

1.64 (1.24–2.16)

Metabolic syndrome among individuals with BMI<25 h, i

 No

481

61

Ref

497

41

Ref

414

429

Ref

 Yes

75

27

2.59 (1.49–4.48)

84

16

2.49 (1.28–4.85)

58

104

1.70 (1.17–2.47)

Metabolic syndrome among non-diabetics h, i

 No

585

77

Ref

614

47

Ref

493

550

Ref

 Yes

124

47

2.68 (1.71–4.21)

139

22

2.56 (1.41–4.62)

94

183

1.65 (1.23–2.23)

Elements of metabolic syndrome h, j

 Total

         

0–1

400

38

Ref

417

17

Ref

347

334

Ref

2

204

42

2.03 (1.24–3.34)

218

33

5.01 (2.63–9.56)

161

236

1.43 (1.09–1.88)

3

103

37

3.68 (2.13–6.36)

119

20

5.75 (2.76–12.02)

81

144

1.79 (1.27–2.51)

4–5

54

26

4.72 (2.47–9.00)

59

2

—

36

87

2.29 (1.46–3.60)

 P trend

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

  

<0.0001

 Femalesh,j

         

0–1

222

26

Ref

232

6

Ref

187

206

Ref

2

132

31

2.18 (1.20–3.98)

144

10

3.78 (1.25–11.44)

99

146

1.45 (1.01–2.07)

3

65

28

4.18 (2.15–8.13)

77

10

7.74 (2.44–24.55)

47

88

2.00 (1.28–3.12)

4–5

37

21

5.49 (2.56–11.76)

40

1

—

23

66

3.20 (1.82–5.63)

 P trend

  

<0.0001

  

<0.01

  

<0.0001

 Malesh,j

         

0–1

178

12

Ref

185

11

Ref

160

128

Ref

2

72

11

1.98 (0.79–4.93)

74

23

5.96 (2. 76–13.28)

62

90

1.55 (1.01–2.36)

3

38

9

2.89 (1.06–7.86)

42

10

4.06 (1.55–10.64)

34

56

1.58 (0.93–2.68)

4–5

17

5

3.61 (0.97–13.42)

19

1

—

13

21

1.24 (0.56–2.75)

 P trend

  

0.02

  

<0.01

  

0.11

  1. Abbreviations: BMI=body mass index; HDL=high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
  2. a Gallbladder cancer cases were compared with population controls without history of prior cholecystectomy.
  3. b Extrahepatic bile duct and ampulla of Vater cancer cases were compared with all population controls; ampulla of Vater cancer analyses are not shown due to small cell sizes.
  4. c Individuals with gallstones were compared with controls without gallstones.
  5. d Separate models were run for metabolic syndrome, metabolic syndrome score and different insulin resistance markers, adjusted for age, gender, and body mass index.
  6. e Self-reported hypertension.
  7. f Self-reported diabetes.
  8. g Measured at interview.
  9. h Restricted to individuals who did not lose >10% of weight within the 5 years before the interview.
  10. i Based on Chinese Joint Committee for Developing Chinese Guidelines on Prevention and Treatment of Dyslipidemia in Adults (JCDCG) which includes the presence of any three of the five components.
  11. j Sum of the JCDCG components (range from 0 to 5).
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