Figure 1
From: Protective role of γδ T cells in cigarette smoke and influenza infection
Cigarettes smoke-exposed mice infected with influenza A show increased lung inflammation. Mice were exposed to air (Air) or smoke (Smk) for 3 months and were infected with H3N2 (A/HK/8/68) at 25 TCID50 (<LD2.5; sublethal). (a) Representative body weight reduction (percent change) on day 14 following influenza infection (Air/Flu, n=8; Smk/Flu, n=7). Data are representative of three independent studies, (b) total bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cell number, and differential: macrophages (Mac), eosinophil (Eos), neutrophils (Neu), and lymphocytes (Lym) on day 14 following influenza infection. (n=4 or 5 mice per group). (c) Histopathological analysis of the lung tissue collected on day 11 after influenza infection and pathology scores quantified (d) (n=5 mice per group) **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Representative (× 200) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) micrographs. Scale bar, 100 μm. (e) Relative expression of anti-viral defense granzyme b (Gzmb), and Interferon b1 (Ifn-b1) were measured using mRNA isolated from whole lung on day 14 following influenza infection. (f) Cytokines and chemokines were measured in BAL fluid (tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α) or whole lung homogenates supernatant on day 14 following influenza infection (n=8 in each group). Results represent mean±s.e.m. Significance was determined using the Student’s t-test with Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons *P<0.05, **P<0.01.
