Table 2 Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for adolescent MDD patients vs controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center

From: Cortical abnormalities in adults and adolescents with major depression based on brain scans from 20 cohorts worldwide in the ENIGMA Major Depressive Disorder Working Group

	Cohen's d (MDD vs CTL)	s.e.	95% CI	% Difference	P-value	FDR P-value	I²	No. of controls	No. of patients
Right lingual gyrus	−0.422	0.108	(−0.633 to −0.211)	−5.870	9.12E-05	0.006	0.004	294	213
Right inferior parietal cortex	−0.384	0.108	(−0.595 to −0.173)	−5.320	3.64E-04	0.013	0.001	293	213
Left precentral gyrus	−0.369	0.108	(−0.581 to −0.157)	−4.071	6.51E-04	0.015	0.005	291	212
Left lingual gyrus	−0.367	0.116	(−0.595 to −0.139)	−5.165	0.002	0.020	11.038	294	213
Right cuneus	−0.353	0.160	(−0.667 to −0.038)	−5.049	0.028	0.103	49.494	292	212
Left pericalcarine cortex	−0.339	0.108	(−0.55 to −0.128)	−5.862	0.002	0.020	0.012	294	213
Left cuneus	−0.336	0.182	(−0.693 to 0.021)	−5.031	0.065	0.162	60.682	294	213
Right pericalcarine cortex	−0.332	0.108	(−0.543 to −0.12)	−5.548	0.002	0.020	0.005	293	212
Left lateral occipital cortex	−0.330	0.108	(−0.541 to −0.119)	−4.253	0.002	0.020	0.002	294	212
Left medial orbitofrontal cortex	−0.329	0.109	(−0.542 to −0.116)	−5.162	0.002	0.020	<0.001	283	210
Right hemisphere total surface area	−0.325	0.108	(−0.536 to −0.114)	−3.386	0.003	0.020	<0.001	294	213
Left hemisphere total surface area	−0.320	0.107	(−0.531 to −0.11)	−3.332	0.003	0.020	<0.001	294	213
Right postcentral gyrus	−0.305	0.108	(−0.517 to −0.094)	−3.651	0.005	0.027	<0.001	289	212
Right superior frontal gyrus	−0.305	0.107	(−0.516 to −0.095)	−3.916	0.005	0.027	<0.001	294	213
Right caudal middle frontal gyrus	−0.288	0.136	(−0.555 to −0.02)	−5.188	0.035	0.116	32.049	294	211
Left precuneus	−0.278	0.107	(−0.488 to −0.068)	−3.540	0.010	0.052	<0.001	294	213
Right banks superior temporal sulcus	−0.266	0.108	(−0.477 to −0.055)	−4.176	0.014	0.068	0.001	293	203
Right medial orbitofrontal cortex	−0.250	0.111	(−0.468 to −0.032)	−3.850	0.025	0.096	3.586	282	211
Left postcentral gyrus	−0.248	0.108	(−0.459 to −0.037)	−2.887	0.021	0.094	<0.001	293	212
Left rostral middle frontal gyrus	−0.247	0.109	(−0.461 to −0.033)	−3.483	0.024	0.096	2.612	294	213
Left caudal middle frontal gyrus	−0.247	0.107	(−0.457 to −0.037)	−4.068	0.021	0.094	<0.001	294	213
Left superior parietal cortex	−0.245	0.167	(−0.573 to 0.083)	−2.954	0.143	0.263	53.595	294	213
Right middle temporal gyrus	−0.227	0.107	(−0.438 to −0.017)	−3.235	0.034	0.116	<0.001	293	206
Left superior frontal gyrus	−0.222	0.107	(−0.433 to −0.012)	−2.722	0.038	0.122	<0.001	293	212
Right superior parietal cortex	−0.221	0.149	(−0.512 to 0.07)	−2.578	0.137	0.260	41.842	293	213
Right rostral middle frontal gyrus	−0.218	0.153	(−0.519 to 0.083)	−3.091	0.155	0.265	45.512	292	213
Right precentral gyrus	−0.213	0.107	(−0.424 to −0.003)	−2.426	0.047	0.142	<0.001	290	213
Left banks superior temporal sulcus	−0.212	0.111	(−0.43 to 0.005)	−3.670	0.056	0.162	0.001	279	190
Left inferior parietal cortex	−0.205	0.111	(−0.422 to 0.013)	−2.937	0.065	0.162	4.975	294	213
Right pars orbitalis	−0.201	0.107	(−0.412 to 0.009)	−3.034	0.061	0.162	<0.001	294	211
Left paracentral gyrus	−0.200	0.107	(−0.41 to 0.011)	−2.797	0.063	0.162	<0.001	294	212
Left fusiform gyrus	−0.196	0.148	(−0.485 to 0.094)	−2.839	0.186	0.280	41.160	293	213
Left frontal pole	−0.194	0.123	(−0.435 to 0.048)	−3.013	0.116	0.243	19.476	294	213
Left caudal anterior cingulate cortex	−0.187	0.151	(−0.484 to 0.11)	−3.527	0.217	0.297	43.982	291	213
Right inferior temporal gyrus	−0.185	0.107	(−0.395 to 0.025)	−3.129	0.084	0.202	<0.001	291	213
Left rostral anterior cingulate cortex	−0.180	0.166	(−0.505 to 0.145)	−3.977	0.277	0.365	53.020	293	213
Right temporal pole	−0.180	0.107	(−0.39 to 0.03)	−2.926	0.093	0.217	<0.001	294	213
Left superior temporal gyrus	−0.179	0.109	(−0.393 to 0.035)	−2.237	0.101	0.221	<0.001	283	198
Right superior temporal gyrus	−0.179	0.108	(−0.39 to 0.032)	−2.104	0.097	0.219	0.588	292	208
Right precuneus	−0.178	0.134	(−0.44 to 0.085)	−2.306	0.184	0.280	30.353	294	213
Right posterior cingulate cortex	−0.175	0.114	(−0.399 to 0.049)	−2.696	0.125	0.243	8.684	293	213
Left pars triangularis	−0.166	0.107	(−0.376 to 0.044)	−2.557	0.122	0.243	0.005	293	213
Right parahippocampal gyrus	−0.165	0.107	(−0.376 to 0.045)	−2.706	0.123	0.243	<0.001	294	212
Right caudal anterior cingulate cortex	−0.155	0.107	(−0.365 to 0.056)	−2.998	0.149	0.263	<0.001	293	213
Right lateral occipital cortex	−0.154	0.107	(−0.364 to 0.056)	−2.035	0.150	0.263	<0.001	294	213
Left middle temporal gyrus	−0.152	0.110	(−0.367 to 0.064)	−2.255	0.168	0.279	<0.001	283	196
Right fusiform gyrus	−0.145	0.107	(−0.355 to 0.066)	−2.157	0.178	0.280	<0.001	294	211
Left supramarginal gyrus	−0.141	0.107	(−0.351 to 0.069)	−2.061	0.187	0.280	<0.001	292	213
Right insula	−0.141	0.107	(−0.352 to 0.069)	−1.930	0.188	0.280	<0.001	292	213
Right paracentral gyrus	−0.140	0.107	(−0.351 to 0.071)	−1.967	0.192	0.280	<0.001	291	213
Left entorhinal cortex	−0.137	0.108	(−0.348 to 0.074)	−3.056	0.202	0.289	<0.001	292	209
Right pars triangularis	−0.135	0.107	(−0.345 to 0.075)	−2.189	0.207	0.290	<0.001	293	213
Left temporal pole	−0.131	0.107	(−0.34 to 0.079)	−2.086	0.222	0.298	<0.001	294	213
Left inferior temporal gyrus	−0.110	0.108	(−0.322 to 0.101)	−1.824	0.305	0.396	<0.001	290	212
Right rostral anterior cingulate cortex	−0.110	0.136	(−0.376 to 0.156)	−2.501	0.418	0.504	31.569	292	212
Right isthmus cingulate cortex	−0.110	0.118	(−0.341 to 0.121)	−1.774	0.350	0.437	13.248	293	213
Left transverse temporal gyrus	−0.100	0.107	(−0.311 to 0.11)	−1.660	0.349	0.437	0.002	294	213
Left parahippocampal gyrus	−0.099	0.113	(−0.321 to 0.123)	−2.112	0.383	0.470	7.948	294	211
Left posterior cingulate cortex	−0.085	0.172	(−0.422 to 0.253)	−1.246	0.624	0.704	56.442	293	213
Left pars opercularis	−0.075	0.107	(−0.286 to 0.135)	−1.208	0.485	0.575	<0.001	293	211
Right lateral orbitofrontal cortex	−0.065	0.124	(−0.309 to 0.178)	−0.917	0.600	0.689	20.640	294	211
Right transverse temporal gyrus	−0.060	0.107	(−0.27 to 0.149)	−1.000	0.572	0.668	<0.001	294	213
Left pars orbitalis	−0.051	0.139	(−0.324 to 0.221)	−0.774	0.712	0.791	34.678	292	213
Left insula	−0.036	0.154	(−0.337 to 0.265)	−0.405	0.815	0.852	45.762	291	213
Right pars opercularis	−0.031	0.107	(−0.241 to 0.179)	−0.495	0.773	0.845	<0.001	292	213
Right supramarginal gyrus	−0.029	0.108	(−0.24 to 0.182)	−0.413	0.789	0.849	<0.001	288	211
Right entorhinal cortex	−0.021	0.109	(−0.235 to 0.193)	−0.462	0.847	0.872	0.001	291	209
Left lateral orbitofrontal cortex	0.010	0.180	(−0.342 to 0.363)	0.152	0.955	0.955	60.017	294	213
Left isthmus cingulate cortex	0.016	0.121	(−0.221 to 0.253)	0.266	0.896	0.909	16.747	293	212
Right frontal pole	0.064	0.258	(−0.441 to 0.569)	0.989	0.803	0.851	80.174	294	213

Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; CTL, controls; FDR, false-discovery rate; MDD, major depressive disorder.
Adjusted Cohen's d is reported.

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Table 2 Full meta-analytic results for surface area of each structure for adolescent MDD patients vs controls comparison controlling for age, sex and scan center

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