TLR ligands mediate adjuvant effects. Unlike lipopolysaccharide, poly(I:C) is capable of using a TLR-Trif–independent pathway to induce costimulatory molecule upregulation on antigen-presenting cells.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 12 print issues and online access
$259.00 per year
only $21.58 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on SpringerLink
- Instant access to the full article PDF.
USD 39.95
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
C.C.
References
Takeda, K., Kaisho, T. & Akira, S. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 21, 335–376 (2003).
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A.C., Medzhitov, R. & Flavell, R.A. Nature 413, 732–738 (2001).
Hoebe, K. et al. Nat Immunol. 4, 1223–1229 (2003).
Hoebe, K. et al. Nature 424, 743–748 (2003).
Yamamoto, M. et al. Science 301, 640–643 (2003).
O'Neill, L.A., Fitzgerald, K.A. & Bowie, A.G. Trends Immunol. 24, 286–290 (2003).
Fitzgerald, K.A. et al. J. Exp. Med. 198, 1043–1055 (2003).
Yamamoto, M. et al. Nat. Immunol. 4, 1144–1150 (2003).
Honda, K. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 10872–10877 (2003).
Diebold, S.S. et al. Nature 424, 324–328 (2003).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lien, E., Golenbock, D. Adjuvants and their signaling pathways: beyond TLRs. Nat Immunol 4, 1162–1164 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1203-1162
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ni1203-1162
