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Why are clinical costs so high?

Nature Reviews Drug Discovery volume 2, page 851 (2003)Cite this article

Trial requirements and inefficiencies are driving up the costs of clinical development.

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Figure 1: The average preclinical, clinical and total costs, inclusive of drug failure and time costs of approved compounds.
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  1. Simon T Frantz
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Frantz, S. Why are clinical costs so high?. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2, 851 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd1250

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