Abstract
We investigated the effects of cooling rate after polymer melting on the room temperature resistivity (ρL) and on the positive temperature coefficient (PTC) effect of resistivity of high-density polyethylene (HDPE)/Ni conductive polymer composites. The ρL of slowly cooled samples was lower than that of quenched samples. It was hypothesized that slow cooling increases the crystallinity of HDPE, forming conductive paths as Ni particles localize in the amorphous matrix of HDPE. In the PTC effect, the inflection-point temperature of the PTC curve rose to the melting point of the HDPE with increasing Ni content. We speculated that the PTC effect of HDPE/Ni composites might occur by two mechanisms: cubical expansion of HDPE, and the diffusion of localized Ni particles into the amorphous matrix of HDPE as a result of the change from a crystalline matrix to an amorphous matrix on melting of HDPE.
Similar content being viewed by others
Log in or create a free account to read this content
Gain free access to this article, as well as selected content from this journal and more on nature.com
or
References
Heywang, W. Resistivity anomaly in doped barium titanate. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 47, 484–490 (1964).
Yamamoto, T. & Takao, S. Complex impedance analysis of Nb-doped (Ba0.6Sr0.4)TiO3 PTC (positive temperature coefficient) thermistors. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 31 (9b), 3120–3123 (1992).
Kim, D. H., Park, I. K., Um, W. S. & Kim, H. G. Influence of microstructure and grain boundary potential barrier layer on the electrical breakdown of positive temperature coefficient BaTiO3 ceramics. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 34 (9A), 4862–4869 (1995).
Horibe, H., Kamimura, T. & Yoshida, K. Electrical conductivity of polymer composites filled with carbon black. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44 (4A), 2025–2029 (2005).
Horibe, H., Kamimura, T. & Yoshida, K. Electrical conductivity of polymer composites filled with metal. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 44 (6A), 4171–4175 (2005).
Chekanov, Y., Ohnogi, R., Asai, S. & Sumita, M. Positive temperature coefficient effect of epoxy resin filled with short carbon fibers. Pol. J. 30, 381–387 (1998).
Chan, C. M. & Cheng, C. L. Electrical properties of polymer composites prepared by sintering a mixture of carbon black and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene powder. Polym. Eng. Sci. 37, 1127–1136 (1997).
Alig, I., Lellinger, D., Dudkin, S. M. & Pötschke., P. Conductivity spectroscopy on melt processed polypropylene–multiwalled carbon nanotube composites: recovery after shear and crystallization. Polymer 48, 1020–1029 (2007).
He, X. J., Du, J. H., Ying, Z. & Cheng, M. Positive temperature coefficient effect in multiwalled carbon nanotube/high-density polyethylene composites. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 062112–062114 (2005).
Pike, G. E. & Seager, C. H. Percolation and conductivity: a computer study. I. Phys. Rev. B. 10, 1421–1434 (1973).
Balberg, I. Tunneling and nonuniversal conductivity in composite materials. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1305–1308 (1987).
Sumita, M. & Wu, G. Percolation structure control of nano-particles of fibers filled polymer composites. Seikei-Kakou 16, 762–767 (2004) (in Japanease).
Straley, J. P. Critical exponents for the conductivity of random resistor lattices. Phys. Rev. B 15, 5733–5737 (1977).
Weng, W., Chen, G. & Wu, D. Transport properties of electrically conducting nylon 6/foliated graphite nanocomposites. Polymer 46, 6250–6257 (2005).
Jeon, K., Lumata, L., Tokumoto, T., Steven, E., Brooks, J. & Alamo, R. G. Low electrical conductivity threshold and crystalline morphology of single-walled carbon nanotubes—high density polyethylene nanocomposites characterized by SEM, Raman spectroscopy and AFM. Polymer 48, 4751–4764 (2007).
Nakamura, S., Saito, K., Sawa, G. & Snarskii, A. Critical exponent of conductivity and percolation phenomena of carbon black-polyethylene composites. Trans. IEEE Jpn. 117-A, 371–380 (1997) [in Japanese].
Sonneveld, E. J. & Visser, J. W. Automatic collection of powder data from photographs. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 8, 1–7 (1975).
Klug, H. P. & Alexander, L. E. X-ray Diffraction Procedures (Wiley & Sons, New York, 1973) 2nd ed., p.625.
Murahashi, S., Kodaka, T., Kamachi, M. & Norisue, T. Koubunshikagaku (KYORITSU SHUPPAN, Tokyo, 2009) 2nd ed., p.194. (in Japanese).
Hhao, L., Capt, L., Kamal, M. R. & Choi, P. On the use of pressure-volume-temperature data of polyethylene liquids for the determination of their solubility and interaction parameters. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44, 853–860 (2004).
Alig, I., Skipa, T., Engel, M., Lellinger, D., Pegel, S. & Pötschke, P. Electrical conductivity recovery in carbon nanotube-polymer composites after transient shear. Phys. Stat. Sol. B 244, 4223–4226 (2007).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kono, A., Miyakawa, N., Kawadai, S. et al. Effect of cooling rate after polymer melting on electrical properties of high-density polyethylene/Ni composites. Polym J 42, 587–591 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2010.39
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/pj.2010.39
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Diesel-induced transparency of plastically deformed high-density polyethylene
Journal of Materials Science (2019)
-
Development of Ni particle dispersed poly(methylmethacrylate) composites exhibiting conductor/insulator transition by the positive temperature coefficient effect of electrical resistivity
Polymer Journal (2013)
-
Evaluation by tunneling effect for the temperature-dependent electric conductivity of polymer-carbon fiber composites with visco-elastic properties
Polymer Journal (2013)
-
Effect of the processing of injection-molded, carbon black-filled polymer composites on resistivity
Polymer Journal (2011)
