Fig. 5

Effect of sodium intake across different PGS stratifications. Obesity risk was evaluated in relation to sodium intake across different PGS stratifications. Sodium intake, inferred from spot urine samples using Tanaka’s formula, was stratified into quintiles (Q1–Q5). Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated using logistic regression with adjustments for age and sex. Refer to the legend of Fig. 4 for comprehensive information