Fig. 5: TIP1 alleviates LPS-induced inflammation in in vivo sepsis models.

a–d C57BL/6J male mice (n = 8) were i.p. injected with PBS or 10 nmol/g of TIP1 1 h before i.p. administration of LPS (5 µg/g). Measurements of (a) TNF-α, (b) IL-12p40, and (c) IL-6 secretion were conducted on plasma samples after 2 h. d The protein levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were measured by western blotting in liver tissue. β-Actin was utilized as a loading control. Histograms represent the band intensities of TNF-α and IL-6 normalized to β-actin. e–l C57BL/6J male mice (n = 5) were i.p. injected with PBS or 10 nmol/g TIP1 1 h before i.p. administration of LPS (5 µg/g). e, f Evaluation of TNF-α or IL-6 levels was performed by an ELISA on plasma samples after 24 h. g–j Levels of biological markers of renal dysfunction [blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr)] and markers of liver dysfunction [aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] were measured in plasma samples. k Representative photographs of apoptotic cells in the kidney after TUNEL staining (scale bars represent 200 or 100 μm) and the quantitatively measured scores of TUNEL-positive cells in the histogram. l BALB/c male mice were i.p. injected with PBS or 10 nmol/g TIP1 1 h before i.p. administration of LPS (5 or 10 µg/g), and the survival rates were recorded for 5 days postinjection. The data shown represent at least three independent experiments (n ≥ 3), and bars denote the mean ± SEM (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). N.D.: not detected