Table 2 The expressions and functions of TLRs in various immune cells.

CD8⁺ T cell

TLR 2

Cytokine secretion

Enhance proliferation

^139,140

CD4⁺ T cell

TLR 2, 5, 7, 8

Cytokine secretion

Enhance proliferation

^139,140

γδ⁺ T cell

TLR 2, 3

IFNγ production

^139,140

Treg

TLR 2/8

TLR 2/5

Reduced suppression

Enhance suppression

^139,141

mDC

TLR 1–10

Produce iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β

Upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, CCR7

^142,143,144

pDC

TLR 7, 9, 10

Upregulation of CD40, CD80, CD86, CCR7

Produce IFNα

^143,144

Macrophage

TLR 1–9

Produce pro-inflammatory cytokines

^142,145

Mast cell

TLR 2, 4, 6, 8

Produce pro-inflammatory cytokines

^142,146,147

Neutrophil

TLR 1–4, 6, 7, 9

Produce TNF-α

ROS generation

Increase survival

^142,148

B cell

TLR 2–4, 6, 9

Secrete antibodies

Development and differentiation

^142,149