Fig. 3: Inhibition, activation, and posttranslational modification by β-HB.
From: β-hydroxybutyrate and its metabolic effects on age-associated pathology
β-HB directly or indirectly interacts with many cellular proteins in different organelles. β-HB acts as an agonist or antagonist to the two GPCRs FFAR3 and HCAR2 in the plasma membrane. β-HB directly binds to hnRNP A1 to regulate Oct4 mRNA stability. β-HB suppresses inflammation through inhibition of NRLP3 inflammasome formation or its activity. Specifically, β-HB also regulates nuclear proteins. β-HB is an HDAC inhibitor that also regulates histones and p53 through β-hydroxybutyrylation.
