Table 1 The immunomodulatory functions and mechanism of ginseng.

From: Immunomodulatory functional foods and their molecular mechanisms

Source	Cell type	Function	Model	Reference
White ginseng	PBMCs	IL-12, IFN-γ↑	Animal	³⁸
	Splenocytes	IgA, IgG, IgM, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF- α↑	Animal	^43,48,49
	Splenocytes	IgG1, IgG2a, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, TNF- α, IFN-γ,	Animal	^58,60
	Macrophages	Phagocytosis, NO, iNOS↑ IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-23↑ COX-2, TNF- α, JNK↑	In vitro	^{31,32,33,35,36}
	NK cells	Cytotoxicity↑	Animal,human	^43,44,45
	T cells	Cell proliferation↑	Human	⁴⁵
Ginsan	Splenocytes	IgG1, IgG2, IgA, COX-1 ↑ T cell proliferation↑ IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, IFN-γ↑	Animal	^51,53
	Macrophages	NO, iNOS, IFN-γ, TLR-2↑ IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, TNF- α↑	Animal	^40,41
	CD4+ T cells	IL-4, IFN-γ ↑	Animal	³⁹
	DCs	IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF- α↑ MHC class II, CD86↑	Animal	³⁹
Red ginseng	PBMCs	CD25, CD69 expression↑	Ex vivo	⁶³
	Macrophages	NO, iNOS, IL-1, IL-6↑	In vitro	^64,135
	NK cells	Cytotoxicity, IFN-γ, NKp46↑	Animal	⁶³
	NK cells	CD25, CD69 expression↑ Cell proliferation↑	Ex vivo	⁶³
	Blood	IgA, all types of IgG, IFN-γ↑	Animal	^63,65,68
		T cells, B cells, WBCs↑	Human	⁷⁴
		ARI frequency rate↓	Human	⁷⁵
Ginsenoside Rg1	Splenocytes	Cell proliferation↑ IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ↑	Animal	^50,71
	Macrophages	NF-κB, IL-1, IL-2↑	Animal	^46,71
	NK cells	Cytotoxicity↑	Animal	⁴⁶
	CD4+ T cells	IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ↑	Animal	^54,56
	Blood	IgG1, IgG2a↑	Animal	⁵⁰
Ginsenoside Rd	Splenocytes	Cell proliferation↑ IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10↑	Animal	⁶⁹
	NK cells	Cytotoxicity↑	In vitro	⁵⁵
	T cells	T_H 2 cell proliferation↑	In vitro	⁵⁵
	Blood	IgG, IgG1, IgG2b↑	Animal	⁶⁹
Ginsenoside Re	Splenocytes	Cell proliferation↑ IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-γ↑	Animal	^52,70,71
	Macrophages	NF-κB↑	Animal	⁷¹
	Blood	IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b↑	Animal	^70,71
Ginsenoside Rb1	Splenocytes	IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF- α↑ IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b↑	Animal	⁵⁷
Ginsenoside Rc	NK cells	Cytotoxicity↑	In vitro	⁵⁵
Ginsenoside Rc	T cells	T_H 2 cell proliferation↑	In vitro	⁵⁵

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Table 1 The immunomodulatory functions and mechanism of ginseng.

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