Fig. 1: Soluble factors secreted from activated microglia increase the propagation of α-synuclein. | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Fig. 1: Soluble factors secreted from activated microglia increase the propagation of α-synuclein.

From: TNF-α promotes α-synuclein propagation through stimulation of senescence-associated lysosomal exocytosis

Fig. 1

a, b Effects of activated microglia on the cell-to-cell propagation of α-synuclein. BiFC-positive cells are indicated with arrows. Scale bar: 10 μm. b Quantification of the percentage of BiFC-positive cells in (a). c Levels of neuron-secreted α-synuclein. The amount of released α-synuclein was determined by sandwich ELISAs. d, e Effects of transcription factor inhibitors on propagation-promoting activity. BiFC-positive cells are indicated with arrows. Scale bar: 20 µm. e Quantification of the percentage of BiFC-positive cells in (d). Bay, Bay 11-7085; SR, SR11302; PMX, polymyxin B. f Screening of inflammatory factors (50 ng/ml) for propagation-promoting activity. g Levels of secreted TNF-α in cultures of the microglia treated with LPS or vehicle, measured by ELISAs. All data are presented as the mean ± SEM (*P < 0.05, #P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ##P < 0.005, ****P < 0.0001). Statistical significance was determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc comparison between groups (b, e) and Dunnett’s post hoc comparison between groups (f) or by two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test (c, g).

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