Fig. 1: Gradual normal-to-tumor vascular transition through the GBM invasion zone.

a Hybrid plasmid for both CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene inactivation and ectopic Cre expression (left). This plasmid was delivered into the brain cells of neonatal mice harboring the EGFRVIII gene cassette (right). b Panoramic images of vascular changes along the radial axis in GL261 glioma (upper) and EGFRVIII GBM (lower). c Magnified images of the boxed area in (b). d–f Quantification of vascular morphology: (d) vessel area, (e) vessel diameter, and (f) vessel branching points. Note the increase in abnormalities toward the tumor center. g Images of lectin perfusion and h quantification of lectin-perfused vessels. Scale bars: 500 µm b, 100 µm c, g. ns not significant; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ****, P < 0.0001 vs. nontumor tissues.