Fig. 4: NAM enhances mitochondrial function in osteoblast differentiation. | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Fig. 4: NAM enhances mitochondrial function in osteoblast differentiation.

From: Nicotinamide enhances osteoblast differentiation through activation of the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system

Fig. 4: NAM enhances mitochondrial function in osteoblast differentiation.The alternative text for this image may have been generated using AI.

a–d MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with the indicated concentrations of NAM in growth medium for 1 d, and the OCR was measured. e MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured in osteogenic medium supplemented with or without 10 µM NAM for 7 days, and the OCR was measured and analyzed with bar plots (f–h). i The protein expression levels of Cytochrome C and PGC1A under the same culture conditions were assessed by immunoblot analysis. j The protein levels of OXPHOS mitochondrial complexes were measured by immunoblot analysis using a total OXPHOS Rodent WB antibody cocktail. k The relative copy numbers of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear DNA (nDNA) from the same culture condition were evaluated by RT‒qPCR. The mtDNA/nDNA ratio was calculated by comparing the ΔΔCt values. l MC3T3-E1 cells cultured under the same conditions were measured for ATP levels. The data are expressed as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05. **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001. ****P < 0.0001. ns, not significant.

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