Fig. 8: Copper and iron-driven cell death: cuproptosis and ferroptosis.
From: Diversity and complexity of cell death: a historical review
A Cuproptosis is triggered by the accumulation of copper. It results in mitochondrial stress due to the aggregation of lipoylated mitochondrial enzymes and the loss of Fe–S cluster proteins, which can be mediated by ferredoxin 1 (FDX1). B Ferroptosis is characterized by the depletion of intracellular glutathione and decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4), which leads to the accumulation of unmetabolized lipid peroxides and increased ROS production. Membrane damage is also a result of lipid peroxidation.
