Fig. 1: Physiological functions of β-arrestins. | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Fig. 1: Physiological functions of β-arrestins.

From: The multifaceted functions of β-arrestins and their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative diseases

Fig. 1

β-arrestins bind to the phosphorylated C-terminus of GPCRs, leading to desensitization, internalization, and β-arrestin-biased signaling. Upon binding to GPCRs, β-arrestin inhibits G-protein coupling, thereby desensitizing the receptor and promoting clathrin-mediated internalization. Additionally, β-arrestins perform inhibitory functions outside of GPCR binding. β-arrestin1 serves as an adapter protein by recruiting the E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 to the TRPV4 and AT1aR complex, resulting in internalization of the complex. β-arrestin2 is also involved in suppressing spinal cord NMDAR signaling. However, the precise mechanism by which β-arrestin2 downregulates spinal cord NMDAR signaling has yet to be fully elucidated. Created with BioRender.com.

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