Fig. 3: GPNMB overexpression enhances M2 macrophage polarization by modulating key regulatory genes. | Experimental & Molecular Medicine

Fig. 3: GPNMB overexpression enhances M2 macrophage polarization by modulating key regulatory genes.

From: Temporal single-cell sequencing analysis reveals that GPNMB-expressing macrophages potentiate muscle regeneration

Fig. 3: GPNMB overexpression enhances M2 macrophage polarization by modulating key regulatory genes.

a The experimental scheme for differentiating murine BMDCs (mBMDCs) into M1 and M2 macrophages, followed by LPS, IFNγ and IL-4 treatment. b Quantitative PCR analysis shows significantly higher GPNMB expression in M2 polarized macrophages than in BMDM and M1. c Western blot analysis of GPNMB protein levels in BMDM, M1 and M2 macrophages from two WT mice (#1 and #2) confirmed the increased protein levels of GPNMB in M2 macrophages. d Overexpression of GPNMB in BMDMs leads to the upregulation of M2-associated genes Arg1, Mrc1, IL-4, Mertk, Axl and Igf1r, with no significant effect on the M1 markers IL-6 and Nos2. e Overexpression of GPNMB results in heightened expression of M2-related transcription factors Irf4 and Pparg, suggesting a potential pathway for GPNMB-mediated macrophage polarization.

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