Fig. 4: Schematic illustration of the biological applications of biosensors in investigating the spatial organization of cell signaling.
From: Probing spatiotemporally organized GPCR signaling using genetically encoded molecular tools
a Plasma membrane microdomain-specific PKA activity is assessed using FRET-based PKA activity reporters targeted to lipid raft and nonlipid raft regions. The results demonstrate higher basal PKA activity within lipid rafts compared with nonlipid raft microdomains. b The spatial organization of GPCR-mediated ERK activity is analyzed using ERK kinase activity reporters targeted to the plasma membrane, endosomes and nucleus. The findings reveal that GPCR-mediated ERK activity originates from endosomes, not the plasma membrane, and subsequently propagates to the nucleus.
