Fig. 6: The DCSTAMP antagonist mitigates bone loss resulting from estrogen deficiency in mice.

a A representative MicroCT evaluation of the distal femur in murine subjects subjected to sham surgery (WT), OVX and OVX with E8431 intervention (OVX + E8431). b, c Measurements derived from MicroCT scans including BV/TV, BMD (b) trabecular number (Tb.N), trabecular thickness (Tb.Th) and trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) (c). d An illustrative H&E staining of distal femoral sections. Scale bar, 200 μm. e The quantification of the Tb.Ar from H&E staining. f, g The serum levels of osteoclastic marker CTX-1 (f) and osteoblastic marker PINP (g). h The representative sections of the distal femur stained for TRAP. Scale bar, 100 μm. i The quantification of TRAP-stained multinuclear cells (mature osteoclasts) and TRAP-positive mononuclear cells (preosteoclasts). j The OCN immunohistochemistry sections of the distal femur. Scale bar, 20 μm. k The quantification of osteoblast count per bone perimeter (Ob.N/B.pm) from OCN immunohistochemical sections. l The calcein staining of distal femoral sections. m The quantitative analysis of calcein staining, indicating BFR/BS. Scale bar, 20 μm. n The immunostaining images showing EMCN (red), CD31 (green) and CD31^hiEMCN^hi (yellow) cells on the trabecular bone. Scale bar, 200 μm. o The quantification of the CD31^hiEMCN^hi (yellow) cell area on the trabecular bone from immunostaining images. p Representative flow cytometry plots showing CD31^hiEMCN^hi endothelial cells within the CD31⁺CD45⁻Ter119⁻ bone marrow cell population. r Quantification of CD31^hiEMCN^hi endothelial cell percentage from flow cytometry. q The measurement of the protein levels of PDGFBB in bone marrow using ELISA. N = 6 per experimental group. The data are presented as mean ± s.d. with individual data points depicted as dots. Statistical significance levels are denoted as follows: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant.