Table 6 Cellular contributors to brain colonization.

From: Brain metastasis from non-small cell lung cancer: crosstalk between cancer cells and tumor microenvironment components

Cell

Cell markers

Secreted molecules

Cell-to-cell interaction

Roles in TME

Astrocyte

GFAP+, S100β+

PA

 

Tumor cell apoptosis

Suppression of cancer progression and metastasis

GFAP+, CD274+

ET-1

TNF, IL-6

CCL2

Cx43 gap junction (astrocyte–cancer cell)

Tumor growth

Chemotaxis

Immune suppression

TAM-BMDM

Iba1+, CD49d+, Tmem119−, P2ry12−, Siglech−, Sall1−

Midkine

IL-10, TGFβ

PD-1 (CTL)–PD-L1 (TAM)

TIM-3 (TAM)–Galectin-9 (cancer cell)

SIRPα (TAM)–CD47 (cancer cell)

Immune suppression

Tumor survival

TME differentiation

TAM-MG

Iba1+, CD49d−, Tmem119+, P2ry12+, Siglech+, Sall1+

IL-6, IL-8, IGF, CCL20

PD-1 (CTL)–PD-L1 (TAM)

TIM-3 (TAM)–Galectin-9 (cancer cell)

SIRPα (TAM)–CD47 (cancer cell)

Invasion and migration

Tumor survival

Immune suppression

T cell

CD3+, CD4+, CD8+

IFNγ

PD-1 (T cell)–PD-L1 (cancer cell)

PD-1 (T cell)–PD-L1 (TAM)

LAG-3 (T cell)–MHC-II (cancer cell)

TCR (T cell)–MHC (cancer cell)

Immune response

Treg

CD4+, CD25+, FOXP3+

IL-10, TGFβ

PD-1 (Treg)–PD-L1 (cancer cell)

LAG-3 (Treg)–MHC-II (cancer cell)

CTLA-4 (Treg)–CD80/86 (cancer cell)

Immune suppression

TME differentiation

  1. Iba1 ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1, PA plasminogen activator, P2ry12 purinergic receptor P2Y12, Sall1spalt-like transcription factor 1, siglech sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin H, Tmem119 transmembrane protein 119.
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