Table 1 New radiocarbon dates reported in this study, given in years before present (a BP)

From: The rise of urbanism and exchange network: reconstruction of a 4000-year local history of Xinjiang, northwestern China

Site name	Site type	Site ID	Material dated	Lab code	¹⁴C date (a BP)	Uncertainty (a)	Calibrated age (95.4% ranges)
Wupu	Cemetery	3	Plant	Beta-501060	2700	30	910–800 BCE
Wupu	Cemetery	3	Plant	Beta-501061	2450	30	760–410 BCE
Wupu	Cemetery	3	Plant	Beta-501062	2450	30	760–410 BCE
Kalaya	Cemetery	4	Human bone	Beta-483693	3170	30	1510–1390 BCE
Kalaya	Cemetery	4	Human bone	LZU20562*	2930	20	1220–1040 BCE
Kalaya	Cemetery	4	Human bone	Beta-524405	2980	30	1380–1050 BCE
Kalaya	Cemetery	4	Human bone	Beta-535070	3520	30	1940–1740 BCE
Kalaya	Cemetery	4	Human bone	LZU20564*	3540	20	1950–1770 BCE
Kalaya	Cemetery	4	Plant	LZU20183*	2450	20	750–410 BCE
Ya’er	Cemetery	5	Bone	BA	2405	20	660–400 BCE
Ya’er	Cemetery	5	Bone	BA	2325	35	520–220 BCE
Ya’er	Cemetery	5	Bone	BA	2685	20	900–800 BCE
Ya’er	Cemetery	5	Bone	BA	2880	20	1190–980 BCE
S. Aisikexia’er	Cemetery	6	Human bone	BA110455	2480	35	780–420 BCE
S. Aisikexia’er	Cemetery	6	Bone	BA110456	2345	30	520–370 BCE
S. Aisikexia’er	Settlement	7	Reed	LZU20170	2310	20	410–260 BCE
S. Aisikexia’er	Settlement	7	Reed	LZU20171	2440	20	750–410 BCE
Aisikexia’er	Settlement	9	Reed	LZU20168	2480	20	770–510 BCE
Aisikexia’er	Settlement	9	Straw	LZU20169	2420	20	730–400 BCE
Aisikexia’er	Kiln	10	Charcoal	LZU20187	2570	30	810–560 BCE
Tuxike	Settlement	21	Straw	LZU20057	1840	20	120–250 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Straw	Beta-524400	780	30	1210–1280 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Straw	Beta-524401	920	30	1030–1210 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Straw	LZU19303*	1040	20	980–1040 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Wood	LZU19304*	1050	20	900–1030 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Straw	LZU19305*	850	20	1160–1260 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Straw	LZU19308*	1080	20	890–1030 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Straw	LZU20172*	900	20	1040–1220 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Reed	LZU19309*	950	20	1030–1160 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Charcoal	BA141923	900	25	1040–1220 CE
Baiyanggou	Buddhist	22	Charcoal	BA141924	865	20	1150–1230 CE
Tuohuqi	Buddhist	23	Straw	LZU20179*	950	20	1030–1160 CE
Tuoma	Buddhist	24	Reed	LZU20173*	990	20	990–1160 CE
Tuoma	Buddhist	24	Straw	LZU22006	880	30	1040–1230 CE
Tuoma	Buddhist	24	Branch	LZU22005	870	30	1040–1270 CE
Qiapu	Buddhist	25	Branch	LZU22004	360	30	1450–1640 CE
Qiapu	Buddhist	25	Branch	LZU20180*	940	20	1030–1160 CE
Lafuqueke	City	29	Straw	LZU19-3*	140	20	1670–1950 CE
Lafuqueke	Buddhist	31	Cloth	LZU19301	80	20	1690–1920 CE
Lafuqueke	Buddhist	31	Human bone	Beta-483690	180	30	1650–… CE
Lafuqueke	Storage	32	Straw	LZU20165	450	30	1410–1480 CE
Lafuqueke	Storage	32	Animal bone	LZU20554	280	20	1520–1670 CE
Lafuqueke	Storage	32	Charcoal	LZU20053	330	20	1490–1640 CE
Kazima	Grotto	33	Straw	LZU20178*	1090	20	890–1020 CE
Nuogayibulake	Buddhist	35	Tamarisk	LZU20164	1020	20	990–1040 CE
Nuogayibulake	Buddhist	35	Tamarisk	LZU21356	1090	20	890–1020 CE
Xiaoquanzi	Beacom	38	Wood	LZU21079	1420	20	600–660 CE
Xiaoquanzi	Beacom	38	Reed	LZU21084	960	20	1020–1160 CE
Xiaoquanzi	Beacom	38	Straw	LZU23622	710	20	1270–1380 CE
Xiaoquanzi	Beacom	38	Reed	LZU23623	1080	20	890–1030 CE
Kazima	City	43	Wood	LZU20054*	120	20	1680–1930 CE
Kazima	City	43	Wood	LZU21074	70	20	1690–1920 CE
Kazima	City	43	Wood	LZU21358	180	20	1660–… CE
Kaga	Beacon	44	Tamarisk	LZU21320	330	20	1490–1640 CE
Talike	Beacon	46	Straw root	LZU21334	300	20	1500–1650 CE
Tuohuqi	Buddhist	47	Straw	LZU20186*	320	20	1490–1650 CE
Tuohuqi	Buddhist	47	Straw	LZU21339*	340	20	1470–1640 CE
Sanpu	City	49	Straw root	LZU21311	70	20	1690–1920 CE
Wupu	City	50	Straw	LZU21299	140	20	1670–1950 CE
Wupu	City	50	Straw	LZU21078	120	20	1680–1930 CE
Wupu	City	50	Wood chuck	LZU21343	150	20	1660–… CE

Dates previously mentioned in [72] were labelled with an asterisk after each relevant lab code

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Table 1 New radiocarbon dates reported in this study, given in years before present (a BP)

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