Table 1 Examples of open coding process.

001

Applied-Relief Double-Handled Prunus Vase

Northern Song Dynasty, Total Height 39.5 cm

The domed lid is carved with lotus petal patterns, with a four-petaled lotus rim and a melon-knob finial. The vase features a straight mouth, round lip, short straight neck, sloping shoulders, and egg-shaped belly with a slightly flaring ring foot. Two symmetrical loop handles are attached at the neck-shoulder junction. The belly is divided into four equal sections by three raised ridges, with each section featuring an applied circular floral medallion. The medallion centers contain four-petaled flowers surrounded by spiral patterns, with comb-incised lines filling the upper portions of the petals and applied decorations, while the lower portions are carved with paired scroll and cloud patterns. The ring foot is carved with grooves forming a two-tiered profile.

Gray-white body covered with light porcelain glaze.

Straight mouth/ Round lip/Short straight neck /Sloping shoulder/Egg-shaped belly /Slightly flaring ring foot/ Two loop handles/Spiral patterns/Comb-incised lines/Scroll patterns /Cloud patterns/Gray-white body/Light porcelain glaze

F0201

Straight mouth

1

F0101

Round lip

2

F0301

Short straight neck

3

F0401

Sloping shoulder

4

F0501

Egg-shaped belly

5

F0601

Hollow ring feet

6

F0701

Two loop handles

7

C0101

Spiral patterns

8

C0201

Comb-incised lines

9

C0301

Scroll patterns

10

C0601

lotus petal pattern

11

C0102

Cloud patterns

12

T0101

Gray-white body

13

G0101

Light porcelain glaze

14

002

Lotus-Petal Patterned Five-Tube Vase

Early Northern Song Dynasty, Total Height 42.8 cm

The lid takes the form of an inverted lotus, with multi-layered overlapping lotus petals carved in relief on its surface, a lotus bud finial, and a simplified socket rim at its lower portion. The vase features a cylindrical neck with a slightly smaller mouth. Full shoulders lead to a belly that swells at the top and curves inward at the bottom, with a slightly flaring ring foot. Five tubes with octagonal exterior faces are evenly spaced around the shoulder. The belly is decorated with layers of upward-pointing lotus petals carved in relief, each petal filled with comb-incised lines.

Covered with light porcelain glaze of even and lustrous porcelain tone.

Cylindrical neck/Full shoulder/Swelling upper belly curving inward at bottom/Slightly flaring ring foot/Upward-pointing lotus petal pattern/Comb-incised lines/Light porcelain glaze

F0302

Short cylindrical neck

15

F0402

Full shoulder

16

F0502

Curved belly

17

F0601

Hollow ring feet

18

F0706

handles-free

19

C0601

lotus petal pattern

20

C0602

overlapping lotus pattern

21

C0201

Comb-incised lines

22

G0101

Light porcelain glaze

23

…

…

…

…

…

125

Double-Handled Vase with Melon-Knob Cover

Early Northern Song Dynasty, Total Height 13.4 cm, Mouth Diameter 3.4 cm, Base Diameter 4.4 cm

The lid features a melon-knob finial, with an upturned rim and tall inner socket. The vase has a straight mouth, angular shoulders, and olive-shaped belly. The belly is divided into six sections by double-recessed ridges. Two loop handles are attached at the shoulder, closely adhering to the neck wall. Two concentric grooves are carved at the angular shoulder. The base is recessed. Covered overall with light porcelain glaze, unglazed on interior and base.

Straight mouth/Angular shoulders/Olive-shaped belly/Two loop handles/Grooved pattern/Light porcelain glaze

F0201

Straight mouth

1046

F0403

Angular shoulder

1047

F0503

Olive-shaped belly

1048

F0701

Two loop handles

1049

C0203

Grooved pattern

1050

F0602

solid ring feet

1051

G0101

Light porcelain glaze

1052