Table 2 Regression results of the improved push-pull framework

ln\(\,v{(O)}_{i}\)

Push factor of cultural origin

\({a}_{1}\)

0.770

ln\(\,v{(D)}_{j}\)

Pull factor of cultural origin

\({a}_{2}\)

0.360

ln\(\,{d}_{{ij}}\)

Effective cost distance

\({a}_{3}\)

−0.007