Table 8 Evolution characteristics of functional cores across the four periods
From: HGIS based analysis of urban morphological evolution in historic Kaifeng
Period | Number of administrative/military cores | Area of high-density commercial zones (km²) | Distribution characteristics of religious and garden land | Core structural characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Northern Song period (AD 1120–1367) | 1 | 2.637 | City-wide distribution | Single core with multiple points |
Ming period (AD 1368–1642) | 2 | 0.652 | Concentrated within the inner city | Dual cores, inwardly focused |
Qing period (AD 1662–1911) | 4 | 0.804 | Clustered towards the center | Multiple cores, inwardly focused |
Republic of China period (AD 1912–1949) | 3 | 0.936 | Expansion outside the city wall | Multiple cores, outwardly expanding |
