Table 1 Triaxial framework and indicators for urban-water interactions

From: Spatiotemporal urban-water interactions in upper Min River settlements within a triaxial framework

Analysis axis

Analysis dimension

Judgment criteria

Main analysis indicators

X-axis: Temporal Evolution

Historical stage judgment

Identifying key nodes of structural transformation in urban-water interactions

Coupling stability: Determining whether the state is spontaneous balance, institutionalized stability, or post-disturbance instability

Spatial pattern change: Whether structural adjustment or reconstruction occurs around the water system

System evolutionary resilience: Identifying states of in-situ functional continuity, in-situ narrative translation, ex-situ symbiotic evolution, or catastrophic structural reconstruction

Y-axis: Spatial Hierarchy

Analysis of spatial scales of influence

Categorizing spatial hierarchies based on the scope, embedding mode, and structural status of the water system within and outside settlements

External level

Site adjacency: riverside, near river, or distant from river

Macro spatial role: boundary definition, ecological barrier, spatial skeleton, or regional connectivity node

Internal level

Water entry mode: main stream, tributary, open channel, or underground channel

Water system and spatial pattern: the matching relationship between water systems, streets, and public spaces

Water landscape: landscape functional types of water spaces

Z-axis: Functional Mechanism

Dominant function types

Judgment criteria based on dominant functions, allowing for the superposition and transformation of features

Life support orientation: Water system supporting daily water use and sanitation within settlements

Ecological buffer orientation:: Water system maintaining ecological safety and resilience of settlements

Hydraulic infrastructure orientation:Water system supporting local production and disaster prevention

Defense orientation: Water system as a natural barrier or component of a military system

Transportation and trade orientation:: Water system supporting regional corridors and trade networks

Cultural landscape orientation: Water system carrying cultural symbols and tourism value

Reconstruction and transition orientation: Water system functions redefined during post-disaster recovery or developmental transitions.