Fig. 14: Robustness checks for MGWR coefficient significance and residual spatial.

a Share of locations with significant local coefficients after BH–FDR correction (bars) and corresponding significant counts (red dotted line) for each explanatory variable; b Global Moran’s I of MGWR residuals (left axis) and permutation-based two-sided p-values (right axis) under different KNN neighborhood sizes k; c Moran Scatterplot of Standardized Residuals (KNN = 8).