Table 1 Baseline clinical and biochemical characteristics of participants.

From: Enhanced prediction of renal function decline by replacing waist circumference with “A Body Shape Index (ABSI)” in diagnosing metabolic syndrome: a retrospective cohort study in Japan

Variables

Total

Japanese WC-MetS

Japanese ABSI-MetS

No

Yes

No

Yes

Number (Male, %)

5438 (43.5)

5,157 (41.7)

281 (78.3)*

5,021 (44.6)

417 (30.9)*

Age (years)

48 (40–58)

48 (40-58)

54 (45–63)*

47 (40-57)

64 (55–70)*

Age ≥ 65 years (%)

764 (14.0)

704 (13.7)

60 (21.4)†

568 (11.3)

196 (47.0)†

Current smoking (%)

733 (13.5)

679 (13.2)

5(19.2)†

695 (13.8)

38 (9.1)†

Habitual alcohol drinking (%)

847 (15.6)

783 (15.2)

(22.8)†

784 (15.6)

63 (15.1)

BMI (kg/m2)

21.9 (20.0–23.9)

21.7 (19.9–23.6)

26.6 (25.2–28.8)*

21.9 (19.9–23.9)

22.3 (20.6–24.3)*

BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 (%)

958 (17.6)

737 (14.3)

221 (78.6)†

873 (17.4)

85 (20.4)

WC (meter)

0.790 (0.728–0.849)

0.784 (0.725–0.840)

0.918 (0.880–0.965)*

0.785 (0.723–0.845)

0.837 (0.793–0.883)*

WC ≥ 85 (m) or 90 (f) cm (%)

1,059 (19.5)

0 (0.0)

281 (100.0)†

955 (19.0)

104 (24.9)†

WC ≥ 90 (m) or 80 (f) cm (%)

1397 (25.7)

1225 (23.8)

172 (61.2)†

1173 (23.4)

224 (53.7)†

WC ≥ 102 (m) or 88 (f) cm (%)

356 (6.5)

272 (5.3)

84 (29.9)†

278 (5.5)

78 (18.7)†

ABSI

0.0785 (0.0758–0.0814)

0.0785 (0.0758–0.0814)

0.0789 (0.0769–0.0819)

0.0781 (0.0756–0.0807)

0.0832 (0.0814–0.0856)*

ABSI ≥ 0.080 (%)

1,967 (36.2)

1863 (36.1)

104 (37.0)*

1,550 (30.9)

417 (100.0)†

SBP (mmHg)

115 (107–126)

114 (106–125)

135 (126–143)*

114 (106–124)

136 (129–144)*

DBP (mmHg)

72 (66–80)

72 (65–79)

85 (79–92)*

71 (65–79)

83 (76–88)*

SBP ≥ 130 and/or

1287 (23.7)

1067 (20.7)

220 (78.3)†

952 (19.0)

335 (80.3)†

DBP ≥ 85 mmHg (%)

Receiving hypertension treatment (%)

499 (9.2)

396 (7.7)

103 (36.7)†

348 (6.9)

151 (36.2)†

CAVI

7.6 (7.1–8.3)

7.6 (7.1-8.3)

7.9 (7.4-8.7)*

7.6 (7.1-8.2)

8.7 (8.0-9.3)*

CAVI ≥ 9.0 (%)

631 (11.6)

577 (11.2)

54 (19.2)†

466 (9.3)

165 (39.6)†

FPG (mmol/L)

4.83 (4.50–5.22)

4.83 (4.50–5.22)

5.05 (4.66–5.55)*

4.77 (4.50–5.16)

5.11 (4.77–5.72)*

FPG > 5.55 mmol/L (%)

1735 (31.9)

1638 (31.8)

97 (34.5)

1534 (30.6)

201 (48.2)†

FPG > 6.11 mmol/L (%)

114 (2.1)

86 (1.7)

28 (10.0)†

75 (1.5)

39 (9.4)†

Receiving diabetes treatment (%)

80 (1.5)

62 (1.2)

18 (6.4)†

58 (1.2)

22 (5.3)†

LDL-C (mmol/L)

3.23 (2.72–3.80)

3.21 (2.72–3.75)

3.78 (3.15–4.19)*

3.18 (2.69–3.72)

3.80 (3.13–4.22)*

LDL-C ≥ 3.62 mmol//L (%)

1761 (32.4)

1582 (30.7)

179 (63.7)†

1489 (29.7)

272 (65.2)†

HDL-C (mmol/L)

1.81 (1.50–2.15)

1.84 (1.53–2.17)

1.55 (1.29–1.78)*

1.81 (1.50–2.15)

1.73 (1.47–2.04)*

TG (mmol/L)

0.87 (0.63–1.25)

0.85 (0.62–1.21)

1.34 (1.04–1.87)*

0.85 (0.62–1.23)

1.11 (0.84–1.46)*

TG ≥ 1.69 and/or

665 (12.2)

578 (11.2)

87 (31.0)†

586 (11.7)

79 (18.9)†

HDL-C < 1.03 mmol/L (%)

Receiving dyslipidemia treatment (%)

404 (7.4)

344 (6.7)

60 (21.4)†

282 (5.6)

122 (29.3)†

Creatinine (mg/dL)

0.71 (0.60–0.84)

0.70 (0.60–0.83)

0.83 (0.73–0.93)*

0.71 (0.61–0.85)

0.67 (0.59–0.80)*

eGFR (mL/min/1.73m2)

78.2 (69.6–87.8)

78.4 (69.7–88.0)

74.4 (63.9–84.3)*

78.7 (70.0–88.1)

72.7 (64.1–82.4)*

eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2 (%)

395 (7.3)

349 (6.8)

46 (16.4)†

323 (6.4)

72 (17.3)†

Proteinuria (%)

283 (5.2)

250 (4.8)

33 (11.7)†

258 (5.1)

25 (6.0)

IDF WC-MetS (%)

366 (6.7)

268 (5.2)

98 (34.9)†

232 (4.6)

134 (32.1)†

IDF ABSI-MetS (%)

504 (9.3)

348 (6.7)

40 (14.2)†

150 (3.0)

238 (57.1)†

NCEP ATPIII WC-MetS (%)

222 (4.1)

150 (2.9)

72 (25.6)†

136 (2.7)

86 (20.6)†

NCEP ATPIII ABSI-MetS (%)

614 (11.3)

394 (7.6)

73 (26.0)†

227 (4.5)

240 (57.6)†

  1. Data are presented as median (IQR). *p < 0.001, Mann–Whitney U test and †p < 0.05, Fisher’s exact test, compared to subjects without MetS.
  2. BMI body mass index, WC weight circumference, ABSI a body shape index, SBP systolic blood pressure, DBP diastolic blood pressure, CAVI cardio-ankle vascular index, FPG fasting plasma glucose, LDL-C low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-C high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, TG triglyceride, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, WC-MetS conventional metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnosed using waist circumference (WC), ABSI-MetS MetS diagnosed using a body shape index (ABSI) instead of WC; Japanese, criteria developed by the Japanese Committee for the Diagnostic Criteria of MetS, IDF International Diabetes Federation, NCEP-ATPIII National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III, IQR interquartile range.
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