Fig. 1: Sex and maternal diet effects on white adipose physiology and biology in male and female offspring. | International Journal of Obesity

Fig. 1: Sex and maternal diet effects on white adipose physiology and biology in male and female offspring.

From: Maternal high-fat diet programs white and brown adipose tissue lipidome and transcriptome in offspring in a sex- and tissue-dependent manner in mice

Fig. 1

a Experimental setting of the study, two-way ANOVA statistical comparisons with sex and maternal diet as two variables, and pre-gestational body weight of dam-F0 in CD group (moC, n = 6) (open bar) and HFD group (moHF, n = 6) (stripped bar). b Body weight of female and male offspring at weaning, midterm (MID) and endterm (END) (F-moC, n = 10, M-moC, n = 11, F-moHF, n = 11 and M-moHF, n = 12). c Average food intake (Kcal/day/mouse). d Representative axial MRI images of the lower abdominal region in female and male offspring (F-moC, n = 5, M-moC, n = 7, F-moHF, n = 6 and M-moHF, n = 5). e Total fat (% body weight), f visceral fat (VAT, % total fat), and g subcutaneous fat (SAT, % total fat). Representative images of H&E staining in h VAT (F-moC, n = 4, M-moC, n = 4, F-moHF, n = 6 and M-moHF, n = 2) and j SAT (F-moC, n = 5, M-moC, n = 5, F-moHF, n = 6 and M-moHF, n = 3) from moC and moHF offspring. Adipocyte number (hyperplasia) and size (hypertrophy) quantification in i VAT and k SAT. Volcano plots displaying differently expressed genes (DEG) between VAT and SAT in l moC (n = 5/sex) and in m moHF (females, n = 6 and males, n = 3). Venn diagram of DEG between sexes in n moC and o moHF VAT and SAT. Significantly (FDR < 0.1) upregulated (red dots) and downregulated (blue dots) expressed transcripts over log2foldchange >1 and <−1. Orange dots indicate the significantly regulated genes (FDR < 0.1) and the black dots the not significant genes. Bubble charts showing the sex- and maternal diet effects on the selected insulin and inflammatory KEGG pathways in p VAT and q SAT (F-moC, n = 5, M-moC, n = 5, F-moHF, n = 6 and M-moHF, n = 3). The white background represents the sex comparison and the gray background the mother diet comparison. The color of the bubbles indicates the maximum estimate score (MES) between the groups where red indicates upregulation in males and blue upregulation in females (sex effect). The green color indicates upregulation in moC and purple indicates upregulation in moHF (maternal diet effect). The size of the bubble indicates the level of significance. F females and M males. Two-way ANOVA (sex (S), mother diet (D), interaction (I) between sex and diet) followed by a Tukey’s multiple comparisons test when significant (p < 0.05) in b, c, e–g, i and k. Benjamini–Hochberg correction with FDR < 0.1 and p < 0.05 was used for l–q. *males vs females and #moHF vs moC (p < 0.05); **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001. RPKM reads per kilo base per million mapped reads.

Back to article page