Fig. 2: Sex and maternal diet modulate triglycerides composition in white adipose tissue of offspring.

a Sagittal image of the whole-body fat and one representative ¹H-localized spectrum for in vivo quantification of fatty acids composition of the triglyceride molecule in offspring’s WAT (F-moC, n = 5, M-moC, n = 7, F-moHF, n = 6 and M-moHF, n = 5). Medium chain length (MCL) in b VAT and c SAT. Fraction of saturated lipids (fSL) in d VAT and in e SAT; Fraction of monounsaturated lipids (fMUL) in f VAT and in g SAT; Fraction of polyunsaturated lipids (fPUL) in h VAT and in i SAT. Venn diagram displaying the DEG by moHF in female and male offspring in j VAT and in k SAT. Bubble charts showing the sex- and maternal diet effects on the oxidative and lipid metabolism KEGG pathways in l VAT and in m SAT. Boxplot of the selected genes of the lipid metabolism in n VAT and o SAT (log10(RPKM)). For RNA sequencing analysis F-moC, n = 5, M-moC, n = 5, F-moHF, n = 6 and M-moHF, n = 3. The white background represents the sex comparison and the gray background the mother diet comparison. The color of the bubbles indicates the maximum estimate score (MES) between the groups where red indicates upregulation in males and blue upregulation in females (sex effect). The green color indicates upregulation in moC and purple indicates upregulation in moHF (maternal diet effect). The size of the bubble indicates the level of significance. F females and M males. Two-way ANOVA (sex (S), mother diet (D), interaction (I) between sex and diet) followed by a Tukey’s multiple comparisons test when significant (p < 0.05) in b–i. Benjamini–Hochberg correction with FDR < 0.1 and p < 0.05 was used for j–o. *males vs females and ^#moC vs moHF (p < 0.05), **^{, ##}p < 0.01; ***^,###p < 0.001. RPKM reads per kilo base per million mapped reads.