Table 1 Descriptive characteristics of the study population.
Study population postnatal (12 months) rapid growth analyses N = 375 | Study population childhood overweight analyses N = 249 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Normal growth N = 268 (71.47%) | Rapid growth N = 107 (28.53%) | P value | Normal weight N = 193 (77.51%) | Overweight N = 56 (22.49%) | P value | |
Cohort membership | <0.01 | <0.01 | ||||
ENVIRONAGE | 73 (27.24%) | 31 (28.97%) | - | - | ||
INMA | 62 (23.13%) | 24 (22.43%) | 58 (30.05%) | 25 (44.64%) | ||
Piccolipiù | 81 (30.22%) | 16 (14.95%) | 74 (38.34%) | 4 (7.14%) | ||
Rhea | 52 (19.40%) | 36 (33.64%) | 61 (31.61%) | 27 (48.21%) | ||
Sex, boy | 146 (54.48%) | 45 (42.06%) | 0.04 | 97 (50.26%) | 30 (53.57%) | 0.78 |
Child ethnicity, maternal origin different from study country | 22 (8.21%) | 11 (10.28%) | 0.66 | 12 (6.22%) | 2 (3.57%) | 0.67 |
Delivery, caesarean | 66 (24.72) | 33 (30.84) | 0.28 | 67 (34.90) | 24 (42.86) | 0.35 |
Gestation age, weeks | 39.54 (±1.36) | 38.36 (±1.72) | <0.01 | 39.33 (±1.51) | 38.88 (±1.61) | 0.05 |
Gestation age, <37 weeks | 9 (3.36%) | 16 (14.95%) | <0.01 | 9 (4.66%) | 5 (8.93%) | 0.37 |
Parity, primiparous | 119 (44.40%) | 58 (54.21%) | 0.11 | 76 (39.38%) | 28 (50.00%) | 0.21 |
Maternal age, years | 31.34 (±4.43) | 30.28 (±4.68) | 0.04 | 32.17 (±4.62) | 30.50 (±4.95) | 0.02 |
Maternal age, <32 years | 151 (56.34%) | 69 (64.49%) | 0.18 | 89 (46.11%) | 38 (67.86%) | <0.01 |
Maternal education level, | 0.07 | 0.36 | ||||
(i) Low (no diploma or primary school diploma) | 28 (10.45%) | 14 (13.08%) | 21 (10.88%) | 8 (14.29%) | ||
(ii) Medium (secondary school diploma) | 105 (39.18%) | 53 (49.53%) | 90 (46.63%) | 30 (53.57%) | ||
(iii) High (university degree or higher education qualification) | 135 (50.37%) | 40 (37.38%) | 82 (42.49%) | 18 (32.14%) | ||
Pre-pregnancy maternal BMI, Kilogram/ metre2 | 23.64 (±4.43) | 24.27 (±4.74) | 0.22 | 23.14 (±4.35) | 25.73 (±4.72) | <0.01 |
Prepregnancy maternal BMI, Overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25) | 77 (28.73%) | 35 (32.71%) | 0.52 | 52 (26.94%) | 25 (44.64%) | 0.02 |
Maternal weight gain over the pregnancy, Kilograms | 13.52 (5.03) | 13.63 (5.55) | 0.85 | 12.96 (4.79) | 14.20 (5.95) | 0.11 |
Maternal weight gain over the pregnancy, excess | 83 (30.97%) | 38 (35.51%) | 0.47 | 49 (25.39%) | 27 (48.21%) | <0.01 |
Maternal pregnancy tobacco smoke, yes | 42 (15.67%) | 23 (21.50%) | 0.23 | 35 (18.13%) | 14 (25.00%) | 0.34 |
Obesogenic factors score, numeric (range 0-7) | 2.10 (±1.30) | 2.61 (±1.30) | <0.01 | 1.95 (±1.27) | 2.86 (±1.37) | <0.01 |
Postnatal rapid growth at 12 months, yes | 0 (0.00%) | 107 (100.00%) | <0.01 | 40 (20.73%) | 30 (53.57%) | <0.01 |
Child overweight (WHO cut-off), yes | 26 (14.21%) | 30 (41.67%) | <0.01 | 0 (0.00%) | 56 (100.00%) | <0.01 |
Child overweight (IOTF cut-offs), yes | 29 (15.85%) | 33 (45.83%) | <0.01 | 11 (5.70%) | 49 (87.50%) | <0.01 |
Child age at the BMI measurement, years | 5.33 (1.00) | 5.48 (1.03) | 0.30 | 5.25 (1.00) | 5.93 (0.82) | <0.01 |
