Table 1 Sample characteristics of maternal education, household income, and confounding variables by cohort.

From: Household income and maternal education in early childhood and risk of overweight and obesity in late childhood: Findings from seven birth cohort studies in six high-income countries

 

ABIS Sweden N = 3984

QLSCD Quebec N = 1334

GenR Netherlands N = 7393

NLSCY Canada N = 1356

LSAC-B Australia N = 4085

MCS UK N = 13046

USNLSY USA N = 3657

Child Weight Status at Follow-Upa (n, %)

 Not obese

2750 (69.0%)

935 (70.1%)

4663 (63.1%)

782 (57.7%)

3072 (75.2%)

9434 (72.3%)

1588 (43.4%)

 Overweight

410 (10.3%)

244 (18.3%)

817 (11.1%)

262 (19.3%)

661 (16.2%)

2740 (21.0%)

556 (15.2%)

 Obese

77 (1.9%)

85 (6.4%)

206 (2.8%)

99 (7.3%)

265 (6.5%)

872 (6.7%)

401 (11.0%)

 Missing

747 (18.8%)

70 (5.2%)

1707 (23.1%)

213 (15.7%)

87 (2.1%)

0

1112 (30.4%)

Maternal Education at Baselineb (n, %)

 High 

1590 (39.9%)

463 (34.7%)

3191 (43.2%)

567 (41.8%)

1481 (36.3%)

4083 (31.3%)

1073 (29.3%)

 Middle

2162 (54.3%)

536 (40.2%)

2035 (27.5%)

568 (41.9%)

2202 (53.9%)

5412 (41.5%)

1922 (52.6%)

 Low

187 (4.7%)

336 (25.1%)

1488 (20.1%)

187 (13.8%)

400 (9.8%)

3068 (23.5%)

657 (18.0%)

 Missing

45 (1.1%)

0

679 (9.2%)

34 (2.5%)

2 (0.1%)

483 (3.7%)

5 (0.01%)

Household Income at Baselinec (n, %)

 High

912 (22.9%)

286 (21.4%)

1287 (17.4%)

365 (26.9%)

883 (21.6%)

2251 (17.3%)

570 (15.6%)

 Middle

2471 (62.0%)

782 (58.6%)

2997 (40.5%)

874 (64.5%)

2524 (61.8%)

7523 (57.7%)

1581 (43.2%)

 Low

597 (15.0%)

210 (15.7%)

1216 (16.4%)

117 (8.6%)

678 (16.6%)

2775 (21.3%)

825 (22.6%)

 Missing

4 (0.1%)

56 (4.2%)

1893 (25.6%)

0

0

497 (3.8%)

681 (18.6%)

Child sex (n, %)

 Male 

2101 (52.7%)

635 (47.6%)

3707 (50.1%)

687 (50.7%)

2096 (51.3%)

6592 (50.5%)

1881 (51.4%)

 Female

1883 (47.3%)

699 (52.4%)

3685 (49.9%)

669 (49.3%)

1989 (48.7%)

6454 (49.5%)

1776 (48.6%)

 Missing

0

0

1 (0.0%)

0

0

0

0

Mother ethnicity (n, %)

 Ethnic majority/Born in country

3739 (93.9%)

1224 (91.8%)

3967 (53.7%)

1232 (90.9%)

2650 (64.9%)

10 647 (81.6%)

2050 (56.1%)

 Ethnic Minority/Born outside country

207 (5.2%)

109 (8.2%)

3168 (42.9%)

123 (9.1%)

1426 (34.9%)

1910 (14.7%)

1607 (43.9%)

 Missing

38 (1.0%)

1 (0.1%)

258 (3.5%)

1 (0.1%)

9 (0.2%)

489 (3.7%)

0

Maternal Age at Child Birthd (M, SD)

29.6 yr (4.64)

29.0 yr (5.1)

30.59 yr (5.10)

N/A

31.2 yr (5.2)

28.99 yr (5.99)

29.68 yr (3.12)

  1. aFollow-up age varied by cohort: age 8–9 yrs in ABIS, LSAC; age 8–10 yrs in USNLSY; age 9–10 yrs in GenR; age 10–11 yrs in QLSCD, NLSCY, MCS.
  2. bMaternal education harmonized across cohorts into 3 categories based on International Standard Classification of Education: high (ISCED V-VII), middle (ISCED III-IV), low (ISCED I-II).
  3. cHousehold income grouped into high (5th quintile, richest), middle (2nd to 4th quintile), low (1st quintile, poorest).
  4. dMaternal age at child birth was not available as a continuous variable for NLSCY; missing data reported for ABIS (n = 37, 0.9%), GenR (n = 1, 0.0%), LSAC (n = 3, 0.0%), USNLSY (n = 3, 0.0%).
  5. (Unweighted estimates).
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