Table 3 Echocardiographic measurements of children of normal BMI women (A), UPBEAT intervention (B), and UPBEAT standard care arm.

From: Lifestyle intervention in obese pregnancy and cardiac remodelling in 3-year olds: children of the UPBEAT RCT

 

Normal BMI (n = 51)

UPBEAT intervention (n = 30)

UPBEAT standard care (n = 39)

Obesity effect, mean diff (CI)

Unadjusted P value

Adjusted obesity effect

Adjusted P value

Intervention effect, mean diff (CI)

Unadjusted P value

Adjusted intervention effect

Adjusted P value

LV geometry

EDV (ml)

31.8 ± 4.4

33.2 ± 6.5

30.8 ± 4.8

−0.95 (−2.87 to 0.97)

0.331

−0.41 (−2.64 to 1.83)

0.717

2.41 (−0.30 to 5.13)

0.081

1.66 (−1.04 to 4.37)

0.223

ESV (ml)

10.8 ± 2.2

11.4 ± 2.6

11.3 ± 2.2

0.50 (−0.43 to 1.44)

0.287

0.22 (−0.89 to 1.33)

0.69

0.07 (−1.11 to 1.25)

0.907

−0.17 (−1.36 to 1.01)

0.774

SV (ml)

20.9 ± 2.8

21.8 ± 4.8

19.5 ± 3.4

−1.45 (−2.76 to −0.14)

0.030

−0.63 (−2.17 to 0.90)

0.416

2.34 (0.35 to 4.33)

0.021

1.83 (−0.16 to 3.84)

0.072

CO (l/min)

2.11 ± 0.36

2.20 ± 0.45

2.03 ± 0.41

−0.08 (−0.24 to 0.08)

0.338

0.07 (−0.11 to 0.26)

0.446

0.16 (−0.04 to 0.37)

0.112

0.11 (−0.10 to 0.32)

0.319

EDD (cm)

3.18 ± 0.26

3.20 ± 0.23

3.14 ± 0.24

−0.04 (−0.14 to 0.07)

0.474

−0.08 (−0.21 to 0.05)

0.236

0.06 (−0.05 to 0.17)

0.324

0.03 (−0.08 to 0.15)

0.607

ESD (cm)

2.05 ± 0.22

2.02 ± 0.21

2.02 ± 0.21

−0.01 (−0.11 to 0.07)

0.698

−0.04 (−0.15 to 0.06)

0.440

−0.006 (−0.10 to 0.09)

0.899

−0.03 (−0.12 to 0.06)

0.461

IVS (cm)

0.44 ± 0.06

0.45 ± 0.05

0.47 ± 0.04

0.03 (0.01 to 0.05)

<0.001

0.04 (0.018 to 0.067)

0.001

−0.02 (−0.04 to −0.002)

0.026

−0.03 (−0.05 to −0.008)

0.008

PW (cm)

0.46 ± 0.06

0.45 ± 0.04

0.48 ± 0.05

0.02 (−0.001 to 0.04)

0.07

0.03 (0.006 to 0.062)

0.016

-0.02 (−0.05 to −0.005)

0.019

−0.03 (−0.05 to −0.01)

0.005

RWT

0.28 ± 0.05

0.28 ± 0.03

0.30 ± 0.04

0.02 (0.002 to 0.04)

0.024

0.03 (0.01 to 0.054)

0.005

−0.02 (−0.04 to −0.005)

0.013

−0.02 (−0.04 to −0.005)

0.012

LVM (g)

30.3 ± 5.1

31.0 ± 5.6

32.0 ± 4.9

1.68 (−0.44 to 3.80)

0.118

1.90 (−0.74 to 4.55)

0.156

−0.99 (−3.50 to 1.52)

0.434

−1.90 (−4.42 to 0.60)

0.134

LVMi (g/m2.7)

28.4 ± 4.2

30.7 ± 4.5

32.4 ± 5.5

3.89 (1.86 to 5.92)

<0.001

3.96 (1.36 to 6.57)

0.003

−1.73 (−4.20 to 0.73)

0.163

−2.45 (−5.06 to 0.159)

0.065

LVM/EDV (g/ml)

0.96 ± 0.18

0.95 ± 0.18

1.06 ± 0.20

0.95 (0.01 to 0.17)

0.022

0.08 (−0.02 to 0.18)

0.127

−0.11 (−0.20 to −0.014)

0.024

−0.11 (−0.21 to −0.012)

0.028

LV function

EF (%)

66.0 ± 4.0

65.6 ± 4.9

63.1 ± 4.9

−2.89 (−4.75 to −1.04)

0.003

−1.36 (−3.61 to 0.88)

0.231

2.45 (0.09 to 4.81)

0.042

2.30 (−0.13 to 4.74)

0.063

FS (%)

35.4 ± 7.0

36.7 ± 4.6

35.3 ± 5.8

−0.12 (−2.88 to 2.64)

0.931

−0.22 (−3.76 to 3.32)

0.901

1.46 (−1.12 to 4.06)

0.263

1.83 (−0.78 to 4.45)

0.165

GLS (%)

−18.0 ± 2.2

−18.1 ± 1.9

−17.6 ± 2.0

0.46 (−0.52 to 1.46)

0.350

0.86 (−0.37 to 2.10)

0.167

−0.53 (−1.55 to 0.50)

0.302

−0.98 (−2.12 to 0.14)

0.085

S (m/s)

0.08 ± 0.01

0.09 ± 0.01

0.08 ± 0.01

−0.002 (−0.007 to 0.003)

0.410

−0.003 (−0.01 to 0.004)

0.364

0.005 (−0.0003 to 0.01)

0.066

0.005 (−0.001 to 0.012)

0.102

e’ (m/s)

0.15 ± 0.03

0.15 ± 0.02

0.14 ± 0.02

−0.008 (−0.017 to 0.001)

0.066

−0.08 (−0.14 to −0.02)

0.01

0.004 (−0.005 to 0.01)

0.352

0.02 (−0.044 to 1.01)

0.441

a’ (m/s)

0.068 ± 0.02

0.068 ± 0.01

0.074 ± 0.02

0.006 (−0.002 to 0.015)

0.126

0.03 (−0.02 to 0.10)

0.257

−0.005 (−0.01 to 0.004)

0.238

−0.03 (−0.107 to 0.041)

0.380

E/A

1.83 ± 0.50

1.78 ± 0.49

1.58 ± 0.35

−0.23 (−0.42 to −0.05)

0.013

−0.24 (−0.47 to −0.0005)

0.050

0.18 (−0.013 to 0.39)

0.067

0.18 (−0.036 to 0.40)

0.100

E/e’

6.7 ± 1.4

6.9 ± 1.8

6.8 ± 1.3

0.15 (−0.41 to 0.72)

0.597

−0.27 (−0.98 to 0.43)

0.443

0.069 (−0.67 to 0.81)

0.853

0.14 (−0.63 to 0.91)

0.713

LAV (ml)

13.5 ± 3.1

14.8 ± 4.3

15.6 ± 4.4

2.13 (0.56 to 3.70)

0.008

1.46 (−0.52 to 3.45)

0.146

−0.84 (−2.95 to 1.26)

0.428

−1.02 (−3.27 to 1.20)

0.362

LAVi (ml/m2)

19.5 ± 4.3

21.7 ± 6.1

23.1 ± 6.1

3.54 (1.35 to 5.73)

0.002

2.77 (−0.06 to 5.54)

0.051

−1.43 (−4.40 to 1.54)

0.340

−1.55 (−4.83 to 1.71)

0.344

Aortic stiffness

PWV (m/s)

4.0 ± 1.1

4.6 ± 2.1

4.3 ± 1.5

0.25 (−0.31 to 0.82)

0.370

0.43 (−0.31 to 1.18)

0.253

0.29 (−0.63 to 1.22)

0.533

0.32 (−0.67 to 1.32)

0.519

CIMT (mm)

0.46 ± 0.04

0.47 ± 0.04

0.47 ± 0.04

0.01 (−0.005 to 0.03)

0.160

0.01 (−0.015 to 0.036)

0.417

−0.0001 (−0.02 to 0.02)

0.987

0.005 (−0.17 to 0.027)

0.635

  1. Values are mean ± standard deviation. UnaP values were calculated using regression analysis. AP values were calculated using regression analysis with adjustment for maternal ethnicity and smoking status at baseline, child age at follow-up, gender and BMI z-score at follow-up.
  2. EDV end-diastolic volume, ESV end-systolic volume, SV stroke volume, CO cardiac output, EDD end-diastolic diameter, ESD end-systolic diameter, IVS interventricular septal thickness, PW posterior wall thickness, RWT relative cardiac wall thickness, LVM left ventricular mass, LVMi left ventricular mass index, EF ejection fraction, FS fractional shortening, GLS global longitudinal strain, S S wave, e’ e prime wave, a’ a prime wave, E E wave (peak velocity blood flow from left ventricular relaxation in early diastole), A A wave (peak velocity flow in late diastole caused by atrial contraction), LAV left atrial volume, LAVi left atrial volume index (height × height), PWV aortic pulse wave velocity, CIMT carotid artery intermedia thickness.
  3. Bold values indicate significant P value (P < 0.05).
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