Table 1 Characteristics of Pandora Wave 1 women and children by study group.

From: Association between maternal hyperglycemia in pregnancy and offspring anthropometry in early childhood: the pandora wave 1 study

 

First Nations mother

Europid mother

 

T2D (n = 78)

GDM (n = 111)

Normoglycemia (n = 61)

Comparison by maternal glycemic status p value

Total (n = 250)

GDM (n = 104)

Normoglycemia (n = 62)

Comparison by maternal glycemic status p value

Total (n = 166)

Maternal characteristics

Maternal age at birth (years)

32.0 (5.0)

29.0 (5.6)

24.5 (4.5)

<0.001

28.7 (5.8)

31.8 (5.9)

31.8 (5.4)

0.99

31.8 (5.7)

Gestational age at first weight (weeks)

13.2 (7.2)

14.3 (7.6)

14.0 (7.2)

0.64

13.9 (7.3)

15.1 (5.6)

15.7 (4.4)

0.48

15.3 (5.2)

Maternal BMI at first antenatal visit (kg/m2)a

31.6 (6.0)

29.1 (7.5)

24.4 (6.4)

<0.001

28.6 (7.3)

29.0 (6.9)

27.2 (5.7)

0.23

28.3 (6.6)

Maternal height at first antenatal visit (cm)

162.6 (5.6)

160.7 (5.4)

163.2 (5.2)

0.01

161.9 (5.5)

164.9 (6.5)

166.2 (5.8)

0.22

165.4 (6.3)

Maternal anemia on first antenatal bloods

9 (12)

12 (11)

16 (25)

0.02

37 (15)

4 (4)

0

0.12

4 (2)

Gestational weight gain (kg)

5.8 (5.0)

7.1 (5.2)

9.7 (5.2)

<0.001

7.4 (5.3)

7.6 (5.9)

10.6 (4.1)

<0.01

8.6 (5.5)

Smoking in pregnancy

30 (39)

42 (40)

24 (40)

0.99

96 (39)

15 (14)

11 (18)

0.57

26 (16)

Remote residence

52 (67)

76 (68)

46 (75)

0.51

174 (70)

3 (3)

0 (0)

0.18

3 (2)

Schooling duration <10 years

23 (30)

21 (20)

6 (10)

0.02

50 (21)

2 (2)

0 (0)

0.27

2 (1)

English as primary language

18 (23)

42 (38)

23 (38)

0.07

83 (33)

103 (99)

61 (98)

0.71

164 (99)

Caesarean delivery

55 (72)

49 (44)

13 (21)

<0.001

117 (47)

37 (36)

19 (31)

0.52

56 (34)

Child characteristics

Child age at follow-up (years)

3.02 (1.1)

3.0 (1.1)

2.6 (1.0)

0.03

2.9 (1.1)

2.8 (0.7)

2.3 (0.8)

<0.001

2.6 (0.8)

Predominant breastfeeding at six months

24 (59)

59 (81)

41 (79)

0.02

124 (75)

51 (54)

34 (61)

0.40

85 (56)

Child sex (male)

31 (40)

65 (57)

34 (54)

0.05

130 (51)

56 (53)

38 (61)

0.24

94 (56)

Gestational age at birth (weeks)

36.7 (2.5)

38.3 (1.6)

39.6 (1.2)

<0.001

38.1 (2.1)

38.9 (1.4)

39.6 (1.4)

<0.01

39.2 (1.4)

Premature birth (<37 weeks)

26 (33)

15 (13)

1 (2)

<0.001

42 (16)

9 (8)

1 (2)

0.09

10 (6)

Median birthweight (Z score)

0.86 [−0.3, 2.3]

−0.05 [−0.9, 0.8]

−0.18 [−0.9, 0.5]

0.01

0.33 [−0.8, 1.0]

0.18 [−0.5, 0.7]

0.23 [−0.6, 1.0]

0.46

0.19 [−0.5, 0.8]

Cord blood C-peptide (nmol/L)

1.0 (1.1)

0.6 (0.5)

0.4 (0.2)

0.001

–

0.4 (0.2)

0.4 (0.2)

0.28

–

Maternal glycemia characteristics

Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c)

         

HbA1c (mmol/mol)

60.1 (20.2)

37.3 (5.5)

–

<0.001

–

34.5 (3.0)

–

–

–

Gestational age at HbA1c (weeks)

10.6 (8.7)

22.8 (11.5)

–

<0.001

–

30.1 (8.1)

–

–

–

 First oral glucose tolerance test

Fasting glucose (mmol/L)

–

5.0 (1.1)

4.2 (0.4)

<0.001

–

4.7 (0.7)

4.2 (0.3)

<0.001

–

One hour glucose (mmol/L)

–

9.8 (1.9)

7.1 (1.5)

<0.001

–

9.2 (1.8)

6.8 (1.5)

<0.001

–

Two hour glucose (mmol/L)

–

8.3 (2.0)

6.0 (1.1)

<0.001

–

8.4 (1.5)

5.6 (1.2)

<0.001

–

Gestational age at oral glucose tolerance test (weeks)

–

23.5 (7.1)

26.1 (5.2)

0.01

–

25.4 (5.5)

26.4 (3.8)

0.22

–

Diabetes treatment type

 

<0.001

  

Diet/ lifestyle management only

0

43 (39)

–

–

–

52 (50)

–

–

–

Metformin only

15 (20)

27 (24)

–

–

–

18 (17)

–

–

–

Insulin only

8 (11)

12 (11)

–

–

–

22 (21)

–

–

–

Metformin and insulin

53 (70)

29 (26)

–

–

–

12 (12)

–

–

–

Maximal total daily dose insulin during 3rd trimester (units)

52 [26–79]

18 [10–32]

–

<0.001

–

12 [6–28]

–

–

–

 Maximal metformin dose during 3rd trimester (g)

1.8 (0.4)

1.5 (0.6)

–

0.002

–

1.3 (0.8)

–

–

–

  1. Results presented as n (%), mean (SD) or median [IQR].
  2. The same measures of severity are not available across categories of maternal hyperglycemia (GDM vs T2D), with oral glucose tolerance test data available for women with GDM and HbA1c data available for women with T2D in pregnancy. Results presented in table refer to that during pregnancy.
  3. Total number of women presented in this table, n = 416 (children n = 423). Total number is reduced for specific variables:
  4. For First Nations women with T2D, GDM and normoglycemia, respectively: maternal educational attainment, n = 76, n = 111, n = 63; BMI at first antenatal visit, n = 69, n = 106, n = 61; gestational weight gain, n = 60, n = 97, n = 55; smoking in pregnancy, n = 75, n = 108, n = 62; anemia, n = 76, n = 111, n = 63; infant feeding practices, n = 41, n = 73, n = 52; oral glucose tolerance test results, n = 104, n = 63; cord blood c-peptide, n = 41 T2D, n = 74 GDM, n = 31 normoglycemia. For First Nations women with T2D, HbA1c n = 72.
  5. For non-Indigenous women with GDM and normoglycemia respectively: maternal educational attainment, n = 104, n = 62; BMI at first antenatal visit, n = 100, n = 60; gestational weight gain, n = 79, n = 44; smoking in pregnancy, n = 104, n = 62; anemia, n = 104, n = 62; infant feeding practices, n = 95, n = 56; oral glucose tolerance test results, n = 102, n = 62; cord blood c-peptide, n = 63 GDM, n = 36 normoglycemia.
  6. BMI body mass index, T2D type 2 diabetes in pregnancy, GDM gestational diabetes mellitus
  7. aadjusted for gestational age. Note mean gestational age at time of BMI measurement was 14.4 weeks (13.8, 15.0)
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