Table 1 Characteristics of participants in the study (N = 3909).

From: Change in neighborhood socioeconomic status and childhood weight status and body composition from birth to adolescence

 

Total N = 3909

Boy N = 1956

Girl N = 1953

P-valueb

Family characteristics

Maternal age at enrollment (years), mean (SD)

30.9 (5.2)

31.0 (5.2)

30.8 (5.2)

0.34

Maternal education level, N (%)a

   

0.46

High

1806 (54.2)

920 (55.1)

886 (53.2)

 

Middle

1081 (32.4)

525 (31.4)

556 (33.4)

 

Low

448 (13.4)

226 (13.5)

222 (13.3)

 

Net Household income, N (%)a

   

0.96

<2400

1066 (33.7)

541 (33.9)

525 (33.5)

 

2400~4000

1115 (35.2)

559 (35.0)

556 (35.5)

 

≥4000

983 (31.1)

497 (31.1)

486 (31.0)

 

Neighborhood socioeconomic status

Neighborhood SES at birth, N (%)a

   

0.93

High

1561 (39.9)

779 (39.8)

782 (40.0)

 

Middle

1053 (26.9)

532 (27.2)

521 (26.7)

 

Low

1295 (33.1)

645 (33.0)

650 (33.3)

 

Neighborhood SES at child age 6 years old, N (%)a

   

0.48

High

1363 (34.9)

698 (35.7)

665 (34.1)

 

Middle

1566 (40.1)

767 (39.2)

799 (40.9)

 

Low

980 (25.1)

491 (25.1)

489 (25.0)

 

Neighborhood SES mobility from birth to 6 years old, N (%)a

   

0.75

Static-high group

970 (24.8)

501 (25.6)

469 (24.0)

 

Static-middle group

645 (16.5)

323 (16.5)

322 (16.5)

 

Static-low group

827 (21.2)

414 (21.2)

413 (21.1)

 

Upward mobility group

761 (19.5)

377 (19.3)

384 (19.7)

 

Downward mobility group

706 (18.1)

341 (17.4)

365 (18.7)

 

Relocation, N (%)a

1534 (39.2)

785 (40.1)

749 (38.4)

0.25

Child characteristics

Birth weight (grams), mean (SD)

3418.0 (555.3)

3489.5 (569.9)

3346.4 (530.8)

<0.001

Child ethnic background, N (%)a

   

0.32

Dutch

2070 (54.3)

1034 (54.1)

1036 (54.5)

 

Other western

329 (8.6)

154 (8.1)

175 (9.2)

 

Non-western

1414 (37.1)

723 (37.8)

691 (36.3)

 

Child weight status

BMI, mean (SD)

At 6 years

16.2 (1.9)

16.2 (1.7)

16.3 (2.1)

0.36

At 10 years

17.7 (2.9)

17.6 (2.7)

17.9 (3.1)

<0.01

At 13 years

20.1 (3.7)

19.6 (3.4)

20.5 (3.8)

<0.001

Overweight/obesity (yes), N (%)a

At 6 years

680 (17.9)

289 (15.1)

391 (20.7)

<0.001

At 10 years

751 (20.3)

333 (18.0)

418 (22.6)

<0.01

At 13 years

579 (18.0)

279 (17.5)

300 (18.6)

0.73

Child body composition

FMI, mean (SD)

At 6 years

3.4 (1.1)

3.1 (1.0)

3.8 (1.2)

<0.001

At 10 years

2.5 (1.1)

2.3 (1.0)

2.7 (1.1)

<0.001

At 13 years

8.9 (4.3)

7.7 (4.0)

10.0 (4.3)

<0.001

LMI, mean (SD)

At 6 years

11.4 (0.9)

11.7 (0.8)

11.1 (0.9)

<0.001

At 10 years

12.0 (1.1)

12.3 (1.0)

11.7 (1.1)

<0.001

At 13 years

8.4 (0.9)

8.5 (0.9)

8.3 (0.9)

<0.001

  1. Missing number: maternal educational level: 574 (14.7%), household income: 745 (19.0%), birth weight: 3 (0.1%), ethnic background: 96 (2.5%), BMI at 6 years: 106 (2.7%), BMI at 10 years: 191 (4.9%), BMI at 13 years: 701 (17.9%), FMI at 6 years: 206 (5.3%), FMI at 10 years: 233 (6.0%), FMI at 13 years: 885 (22.6%), LMI at 6 years: 206 (5.3%), LMI at 10 years: 233 (6.0%), LMI at 13 years: 885 (22.6%), Overweight/obesity at 6 years: 111 (2.8%), Overweight/obesity at 10 years: 203 (5.2%), Overweight/obesity at 13 years: 701 (17.9%).
  2. BMI body mass index, FMI fat mass index, LMI lean mass index.
  3. aThe percentage for categorical variables is valid percentage.
  4. bT-test was applied for continuous variables and chi-square test for categorical variables to test the differences between boys and girls.
  5. The significant results are in bold in the table (P < 0.01).
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