Table 2 Summary of relative risks (RR) for common gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 and related agents in non-diabetic individuals with overweight or obesity.

From: Gastrointestinal adverse events associated with GLP-1 RA in non-diabetic patients with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and network meta-analysis

Drug

Nausea RR (95% CI)

Vomiting RR (95% CI)

Diarrhea RR (95% CI)

Constipation RR (95% CI)

Abdominal pain RR (95% CI)

Semaglutide

2.95 (2.61–3.32)

4.21 (3.58–4.95)

1.77 (1.47–2.14)

2.10 (1.67–2.63)

2.34 (1.41–3.89)

Liraglutide

3.09 (2.73–3.51)

3.87 (3.15–4.76)

1.82 (1.48–2.25)

2.24 (1.74–2.87)

2.08 (1.06–4.07)

Tirzepatide

2.90 (2.00–4.19)

13.23 (4.85–36.09)

3.35 (1.92–5.85)

3.36 (1.70–6.63)

4.36 (1.29–14.78)

Cagrilinitide

2.30 (1.69–3.13)

1.37 (0.81–2.32)

1.20 (0.68–2.10)

1.28 (0.70–2.35)

NA

Orforglipron

4.77 (2.02–11.31)

4.43 (1.45–13.56)

2.30 (0.89–5.93)

4.05 (1.19–13.78)

1.46 (0.26–8.18)

Exenatide

2.66 (1.40–5.09)

4.52 (0.25–82.77)

0.18 (0.02–1.34)

5.00 (0.24–105.07)

0.33 (0.01–7.95)

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