Table 2 Summary of metabolomic associations with obesity and vitamin D deficiency.

From: Metabolic remodeling and the modulatory role of vitamin D deficiency in African American children and adolescents with obesity

Analysis

Key findings

Notes

Obesity main effects (Supplementary Table 1)

Significant associations across lipoproteins, fatty acids, amino acids, and inflammation

142 total markers (FDR < 0.05): 25 large effects ( |β| ≥ 0.40); 108 medium effects: (0.20 ≤ |β | <0.40); 9 small effects: |β| < 0.20.

Vitamin D deficiency main effects (Supplementary Table 2)

No metabolites significant after FDR correction

Indicates no strong independent effects after adjustment for age, sex, and obesity.

Obesity × Vitamin D deficiency interactions (Supplementary Table 3)

No single interaction significant after FDR correction, but strong enrichment signal

879 of 11,057 markers/ratios nominally significant (vs. ~553 expected under null), binomial p < 2.2 × 10−¹⁶. Six metabolite ratios showed nominal interaction effects and associations with vitamin D deficiency. Findings exploratory.

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