Fig. 4

Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.)-derived LPS-induced inflammation mimics inflammatory conditions in DFSCs. a Cultured DFSCs were treated with various concentrations of LPS (10, 100 and 1000 ng·mL⁻¹) and allowed to secrete nitric oxide (NO) for 24 and 48 h. b The levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 were increased by treatment with 1000 ng·mL⁻¹ LPS for 48 h. However, there was no significant difference in the gene expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 in cells maintained in conditional medium with LPS treatment. c, d The protein levels of IL-6 and IL-8 were also increased after LPS treatment. The data are presented as the mean ± SD. * P < 0.05 (n = 3)