Fig. 1

Single-cell characterization of freshly obtained and 10-day in vitro cultured human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) by single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). a The human dental pulp tissues were harvested from healthy third molars (age 15–25, n = 5), and cut into pieces followed by enzymatic digestion. After red blood cell depletion, the obtained freshly isolated cell suspension and the 10-day in vitro cultured cells were subject to single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) using 10X Genomics, respectively. b Visualization of 14 color-coded clustering of the freshly isolated DPSCs (n = 6958 cells) using the Uniform manifold approximation and projection (UMAP) with SingleR annotations at the default resolution 0.5. Dots with the same color represents the cells assigned to the same cluster. The purple, blue and yellow dash lines indicated the populations of DPSCs (purple), immune cells (blue), and endothelia cells (yellow), respectively. c Heatmaps of the enriched genes identified from the freshly isolated human dental pulp cells (cluster 0, 1, 2, 7, 8) with representative marker genes expressions. d Visualization of eight color-coded clustering of the 10-day in vitro cultured DPSCs (n = 7500 cells) using the UMAP at the default resolution 0.5. e Cell-cycle phases of cultured hDPSCs. The red, blue and green dots represent the cell-cycle stage of G1 (red), S (blue), and G2/M (green). The arrows indicate cell-cycle directions: from G1 to S and then G2