Table 3 Representative biomineralization-inspired materials for enamel remineralization
From: Advances in biomineralization-inspired materials for hard tissue repair
Material | Demineralization | Approach | Model | Performance | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proteins and peptides | Amelogenin-containing chitosan hydrogel | 30% phosphoric acid, 30 s | The hydrogel is applied to enamel surface | In vitro remineralization in artificial saliva for 7 days | Stabilize calcium phosphate clusters, induce needle-like crystals formation, and improve the bonding between enamel and newly grown layer | |
shADP5 peptide | White spot lesion: daily cycling between demineralization and neutral solutions for 6 and 17.5 h, respectively | Immersion treatment in peptide solution; 0.8 mmol·L−1, 10 min | In vitro remineralization in Ca2+/PO43− solution for 1 h | Facilitate the formation of dense layer of HAP crystals, and incorporate fluoride ions into the remineralized layer | ||
Peptide-7 | 37% phosphoric acid, 30 s | The peptide-7 solution is dropped on enamel surface; 2.5 mg·mL−1, 10 min | In vitro remineralization in artificial saliva for 8 days; in vivo remineralization in rats with caries | Strong affinity to HAP; induce the formation of compact crystal layer; excellent cariogenic prevention effect comparable to fluoride | ||
Oligopeptide amphiphile | 37% phosphoric acid, 60 s | The oligopeptide amphiphile is added into mineralization solution; 15 μg·mL−1 | In vitro remineralization in mineralization solution for 1 day or 20 days (1 mg·L−1 NaF is contained in the mineralization solution) | Induce the formation of ACP nanoparticles; improve the packing density of newly formed crystal layer of remineralized enamel | ||
PTL/C-AMG | 37% phosphoric acid, 50 s, or 5 min to remove the outermost prism-like enamel crystals | In vitro: immersion treatment in a PTL/C-AMG buffer; 10 min. In vivo: PTL/C-AMG buffer is injected into the oral cavity of rats | In vitro remineralization in artificial saliva for 1 week; in vivo remineralization in rats’ oral cavity for 14 days | Induce regularly arranged enamel-like crystals with identical orientations, and restore mechanical strength to the level of natural enamel; induce enamel-like prisms in rats’ oral cavity | ||
PAMAM dendrimers | ALN–PAMAM–COOH | 37% phosphoric acid, 45 s | ALN–PAMAM–COOH is added onto enamel surface; 4 mg·mL−1 | In vitro remineralization in artificial saliva for different periods; in vitro cell experiments of HepG2 cells, and L929 cells; in vivo remineralization in rats’ oral cavity | Low cytotoxicity; strong binding on enamel and facilitate nanorod-like crystal formation; promote enamel remineralization in rats’ oral cavity | |
PAMAM–PO3H2 | PAMAM–PO3H2 is added onto enamel surface; 1 mg·mL−1 | |||||
Inorganic materials | Calcium phosphate ion clusters | 37% phosphoric acid, 30 s or 10 min to remove the prism-less enamel | CPIC ethanol solution is dropped onto enamel surface; 2 mg·mL−1 | In vitro remineralization in modified simulated oral fluid for 48 h (15 mg·L−1 F− is involved in the mineralization solution) | Induce epitaxial growth of enamel apatite, and recover hierarchical structure and mechanical properties to those of natural enamel | |
Amorphous ZrO2 | 35% phosphoric acid gel, 20 s | Amorphous ZrO2 layer is coated on enamel through in situ growth | N/A | Recover mechanical properties; prevent bacterial adhesion and proliferation | ||
