Fig. 4
Keys for DSC-EVs to progress in future translational medicine. Although in vivo evidence indicated the promising effects of DSC-EVs in various diseases, key points should also be considered to facilitate future clinical settings. Firstly, the distinguishing features of DSC-EVs compared with other stem cell-derived EVs should be revealed for suggesting more appropriate roles of DSC-EVs in specific diseases. Secondly, the heterogeneity of DSC-EVs from different origins should be clarified to explain the distinguished therapeutic effects of DSC-EVs and provide better choice for specific diseases. Thirdly, revealing the action modes of DSC-EVs, from functional cargo packaging to recipient cell selecting would benefit DSC-EVs in targeted treatments and advance the potential application. Fourthly, standardization for eligible production of DSC-EVs should be optimized to meet the need for achieving the clinical level of DSC-EVs. Finally, safety guarantee of DSC-EVs are needed to take into serious consideration before clinical applications
