Table 2 Changes in immune-related pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors during DO
From: Immunomodulatory effects and mechanisms of distraction osteogenesis
| Â | Latency period | Distraction period | Consolidation period | Ref. | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Items | Early | Late | Early | Late | Early | Middle | Late | Â |
Pro-inflammatory cytokines | ||||||||
IL-1 | ↑↑↑ |  |  |  | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | |
IL-6 | ↑↑↑ |  | ↑↑ | ↑↑ |  |  |  | |
TNF-α |  |  |  |  | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | |
RANKL |  |  | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | |
OPG |  |  | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑ | ↑ | |
RANK-to-OPG ratio |  |  | ↑ | ↑ | ↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | |
Growth factors | ||||||||
TGF-β1 |  | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ |  |  | |
BMP2 and BMP4 | ↑↑ |  | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑↑ | ↑↑ |  |  | |
