Table 2 Mouse models of congenital tooth deficiency

Wnt

Wnt7b-expressing

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

⁹⁹

Fgf8CreER; Ctnnb1^f/f

Tooth germ development arrested at the placode–bud transition stage

⁴¹

Osr2-cre^KI; Ctnnb1^ex3f

Tooth germ development arrests at the cap stage

¹³³

Osr2-IresCre; Catnb^f/f

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

¹⁵⁰

Lef1^−/−

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

^37,38,39,40

Dkk1-expressing

Molar tooth germ development arrested at the lamina–early bud stage

Incisor tooth germ development arrested at the placode stage

⁸⁹

K14-Dkk1 transgenic mice

Molar tooth germ development arrested at the lamina–early bud stage

¹³⁴

Wnt1-Cre; Rspo3^fl/−; Rspo2^+/+

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

¹³⁵

K14-Cre; Apc^cko/cko

Incisor agenesis

¹⁹⁸

Shh

Gli2^−/−; Gli3^+/−

Tooth germ development arrested at the placode stage

¹³⁸

Gas1^−/−; Shh^+/−

Premaxillary incisor agenesis

¹⁰⁴

K14-Shh

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

¹⁹⁹

BMP

Wnt1Cre; Bmp4^f/f

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

^110,141

Osr2^−/−Wnt1Cre; Bmp4^f/f

Supernumerary tooth germ development arrested at the placode–bud transition stage

¹⁴¹

Bmp4^ncko/ncko Inhba^−/−

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

¹¹⁰

Inhba^−/−

Tooth germ development arrest at the bud stage

¹¹⁰

K14-Cre43; Bmpr1a^cl/cl

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

¹⁴⁰

Wnt1-Cre; Smad4^fl/fl

Tooth germ development arrested at the lamina stage

¹⁴²

K14Cre; pMes-Nog

Tooth germ development arrested at the lamina/early–bud stage

¹³⁹

FGF

Fgf3^−/−; Fgf10^−/−

Tooth germ development arrested prior to bud stage

¹⁵⁴

Fgfr2(IIIb)^−/−

Tooth germ development arrest at the bud stage

¹⁵²

K14-Cre; Fgfr2^fl/fl

Retarded tooth formation

¹⁵³

Eda

K14–Edar (Intermediate)

Third molar agenesis

²⁰⁰

Pax9^+/−Eda^−/−

Incisor and third molar agenesis

¹⁶²

TF

P63^−/−

Tooth germ development arrested at the dental lamina stage

³⁶

Krt14-Cre; Pitx2^flox/flox

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

³³

Msx1^−/−

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

^143,144

Msx1^−/− Msx2^−/−

Tooth germ development arrested at the dental lamina–early bud stage

¹⁴⁵

PAX9^−/−

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

¹⁵⁹

Pax9^lacZ/lacZ

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

¹⁶³

Pax9^neo/lacZ

Tooth germ development arrested at the bell stage

¹⁶³

Pitx2Cre; Sox2^F/F

Tooth germ development halted at the late bud-bell stage

³²

Others

Gpr177 ^K14cre; Osr2^−/−

Supernumerary tooth germ development arrested at the lamina/early bud stage

⁵⁴

Gpr177 ^K14cre

Tooth germ development arrested at the early cap stage

⁵⁴

Wnt1-Cre; Alk5^fl/fl

Tooth germ development delayed

²⁰¹

K14Cre; Ctnna1^cKO

Tooth germ development arrested at the bud stage

²⁰²

EL/Sea

Third molar agenesis

²⁰³

K14-follistatin^−/+

Third molar agenesis

²⁰⁴

K5-GR

Second and third molar agenesis

²⁰⁵

Pitx2-Cre; Irf6 ^F/F

Third molar agenesis

¹⁹⁷