Fig. 1

Periodontal bone exhibits a degree of repair after periodontal inflammation subsides. a Schematic illustration of a murine periodontitis model establishment in the inflammatory and healing stages with ligature persistence and removal. M1–3, the three molars. b Bone level changes on the buccal side during the inflammatory and healing phases of periodontitis were calculated relative to the non-ligated (NL) contralateral site (baseline) (n = 4). c Representative images of immunofluorescent staining for ALP and TRAP on periodontal tissue sections from the 8DL and 10DR groups. D dentin, B bone. Scale bar, 100 μm. d Quantification of ALP-positive area and TRAP-positive osteoclast number on sagittal sections from the 8DL and 10DR groups (n = 4). e Alterations in mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α in periodontal lesions from different groups. Data were normalized to GADPH mRNA and are presented as fold change relative to baseline, set as 1 (n = 4). f Representative immunohistochemistry micrographs of 8DL and 10DR groups identifying IL-1β and TNF-α. Arrows indicate positive cells in the slide. Scale bar, 100 μm