Table 1 Impact of anatomical variations on the stretching potential of the Schneiderian membrane

Sinus health condition

Health sinus

Lower perforation risk⁹⁶

Sinus diseases

Managed with care before sinus lift procedure^59,96

pseudocysts in a small size without clinical symptoms

Not contraindications to surgery⁵⁵

Membrane thickness

Appropriate membrane thickness between 1–2 mm

Predictable sinus augmentation procedure⁶⁵

Thinner membrane thickness of (0.84 ± 0.67) mm

Higher perforation risk compared with (2.65 ± 4.02) mm group⁴⁹

Thicken due to inflammation

Significant correlation between preoperative sinus lesions and perforation⁵¹

Sinus width and contours

Tapering or ovoid

Both lateral and transcrestal approaches are recommended^33,87

V-shape,

Obscured visibility and limitd access to the antral space^22,24

Irregular

Higher perforation risk⁸⁷

Square

Lateral approach with a wider window³³

Septa

Absence of septa

Lower perforation risk⁸⁶

One or multiple septa

Higher perforation risk^24,86